{"id":6636,"date":"2017-05-03T15:01:39","date_gmt":"2017-05-03T05:01:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/?p=6636"},"modified":"2021-02-13T08:45:33","modified_gmt":"2021-02-12T21:45:33","slug":"bathing-baby-buddha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/journal\/bathing-baby-buddha\/","title":{"rendered":"Bathing Baby Buddha"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Eighth Day of the Fourth Month \u56db\u6708\u521d\u516b is celebrated as the Buddha’s Birthday. Falling on the 3rd of May 2017 the festivities are sandwiched between China’s 1st of May International Labor Day \u570b\u969b\u52de\u52d5\u7bc0, a public holiday that lasts until the 2nd of May and marked by a long weekend, and Youth Festival \u9752\u5e74\u7bc0 on the 4th of May. May Fourth commemorates the student-led anti-imperialist demonstrations of 1919 that, along with the inspiration of the October 1917 Russian Revolution (the centenary of which is celebrated by some this year), contributed\u00a0to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921.<\/p>\n

Buddha’s Birthday in the hand of Yan Zhenqing \u984f\u771f\u537f of the Tang dynasty. Source: Stele of the Many Pagodas \u591a\u5bf6\u5854\u7891 (the full name of which is: \u5927\u5510\u897f\u4eac\u5343\u798f\u5bfa\u591a\u5bf6\u4f5b\u5854\u611f\u61c9\u7891\u6587) from the 3rd of May 2017, Palace Museum Calendar<\/i> \u6545\u5bae\u65e5\u66c6.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The\u00a0birth of Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama, later \u015a\u0101kyamuni Buddha \u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u4f5b, is celebrated with\u00a0the ceremonial bathing of statues of Baby Buddha. Centuries after Siddh\u0101rtha’s birth, the\u00a0Christ Child was said to have enjoyed\u00a0an immaculate conception; the Buddha’s biological origins are marginally more prosaic, although his appearance in the world\u00a0was no less miraculous: his mother dreamed of a white elephant entering her, and legend has it that she gave\u00a0birth to the future Enlightened One (Buddha; \u4f5b\u9640 in Chinese, \u4f5b for short; also written \u6d6e\u5c60) from the right side of her body.<\/p>\n

Various\u00a0traditions\u00a0hold that at the time of Siddh\u0101rtha’s\u00a0birth Celestial Beings and Rainbows appeared in the Heavens and that the Dragon King himself bathed the newborn in scented water. Therefore, in the world of Chinese Buddhism \u6f22\u50b3\u4f5b\u6559, the day is also known as\u00a0the festival for Bathing the Buddha \u6d74\u4f5b\u7bc0\/\u704c\u4f5b\u6703, as well as \u9f8d\u83ef\u6703.<\/p>\n

Baby Buddha, Ming dynasty.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

It is recorded in the Compendium of the Five Lamps<\/em>\u00a0\u4e94\u71c8\u6703\u5143<\/a>, a Chan Buddhist\u00a0text dating from the Southern Song,\u00a0that:<\/p>\n

As soon as the Respected One was born\u00a0with one hand pointed heavenward and the other earthward he took seven steps and looking in all four directions he declared: In the Heavens and on Earth, I alone am the Most Honoured. \u4e16\u5c0a\u7e94\u751f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e43\u4e00\u624b\u6307\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u6307\u5730\uff0c\u5468\u884c\u4e03\u6b65\uff0c\u76ee\u9867\u56db\u65b9\u66f0\uff1a\u5929\u4e0a\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u552f\u543e\u7368\u5c0a\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

On the Eighth Day of the Fourth Month, temples in China and throughout the Buddhist world are open to worshippers and the public and many organise ceremonies for the bathing of Baby Buddha statues with sweetened and flower festooned water. Placed in lotus ponds (each step the infant Buddha took is said to have created\u00a0a lotus flower) the child Buddha statues have one arm pointing heavenward and another at the ground, known in recent centuries as \u6307\u5929\u756b\u5730\u4f5b, a reference to the story about the Most Honoured One quoted above.<\/p>\n

Just as the expression ‘point to Heaven and gesture towards\u00a0the Earth’ \u6307\u5929\u756b\u5730 remains a common expression, although it usually means to be arrogant or unencumbered by concern for others, so too does the sentence ‘I alone am the Most Honoured’ \u552f\u6211\u7368\u5c0a feature in popular culture\u00a0meaning an unassailable sense of self-worth. Given the importance of\u00a0cycles in Buddhist thought, and the fact that the significance of these two expressions would appear to have strayed from their rather humble origins, it may be some time before ‘what goes around comes around’.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

The trickle-down effect of Chinese prosperity is like manna to institutional Buddhism. Lay devotees, more anxious for salve and salvation in the world of hypermaterialism assuage their piety with munificence that showers down on monks, lamas, Dharma Masters, shrines and temples alike. Just as in the lands of Christendom and Islam, China and Taiwan (not to mention Thailand) now too boast extravagant modern religious structures and gargantuan votive images. In their garish pomp they overshadow the simple message of Buddha: All is Suffering and Liberation from the endless Cycle of Rebirth and Becoming is only possible for those who disavow the material, eliminate desire and worldly aspirations,\u00a0people who\u00a0help others along the way and, through sheer dint of contemplation of Emptiness, achieve Nirv\u0101\u1e47a<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0923 \u6d85\u69c3\u00a0(literally ‘blowing out [of the candle of Being]’).<\/p>\n

For power holders and commercial interests alike the contemporary Buddha Boom is a blessing, both commercially and politically. In the People’s Republic of China, patriotic Buddhism is extolled and guided with enthusiasm by the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA \u570b\u5bb6\u5b97\u6559\u4e8b\u52d9\u5c40<\/a>) and its institutional partners (the Chinese Buddhist Association \u4e2d\u570b\u4f5b\u6559\u5354\u6703<\/a>, the united front bureaucracy, official media outlets, the army, police, party committees and paramilitary forces), and even schismatic Tibetan beliefs \u85cf\u50b3\u4f5b\u6559 are dragooned into service. It has even been reported<\/a> that a Buddhist monk by the name of Youming \u6709\u660e had an impact on China’s Chairman of Everything, Xi Jinping, when he was a fledgling Party bureaucrat.\u00a0There have even been persistent rumours that China’s First Lady, the former songstress Peng Liyuan \u5f6d\u9e97\u5a9b, is a devotee of Tibetan Buddhism.\u00a0But, as in the 1950s, when Buddhists were press-ganged into supporting China’s involvement in the devastating bloodletting of the Korean War, religious figures are first and foremost obliged to support the state and its policies. As recently as March 2017, during the Two Congresses seasons in Beijing, Chengfa \u8aa0\u6cd5<\/a>, the monk-head of the Buddhist Association, extolled Buddhism for the role it could play in the Party’s vaunted\u00a0One Belt One Road \u4e00\u5e36\u4e00\u8def<\/a> global strategy.<\/p>\n

Caesar gets his cut of the offerings from the laity and, as long as the message of the bonzes is about peace, unity, harmony and stability, the otherworldly remains happily in sync with the China Dream on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. As\u00a0historians and commentators have long noted, since the revival of Confucian orthodoxy dating from the Southern Song dynasty, Buddhism, be it as a philosophical system or as a popular religion, flourishes during periods of dynastic uncertainty, political stress and social anomie. In this regard, perhaps the Buddha Boom is a more reliable indices than secular market indicators of the state of China’s atman.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

This latest chapter in\u00a0New Sinology Jottings<\/a>\u00a0considers the Sino-Buddhist Culture War that has ebbed and flowed for nearly two millennia, as well as various abiding aspects of Buddhism in China. My own interest in Buddhism dates back to teenage years spent reading Charles Luk \u9678\u5bec\u6631<\/a>, D.T. Suzuki \u9234\u6728\u5927\u62d9\u8c9e\u592a\u90ce<\/a>, Lobsang Rampa<\/a>,\u00a0Swami Vivikenanda<\/a>, Hermann Hesse<\/a>, Lama Anagarika Govinda<\/a>, Edward Conze<\/a>,\u00a0Max M\u00fcller<\/a>, W.Y. Evans-Wentz<\/a>, among many others, and learning about Tibetan, Chinese, Japanese and Indian thought and religious practice, an undergraduate\u00a0career studying with the great linguist J.W. de Jong<\/a>\u00a0and Tissa Rajapatirana<\/a> (although Tissa enticed me more with the sensual poetry of K\u0101lid\u0101sa<\/a> than the sober compositions of A\u015bvagho\u1e63a<\/a>) and a rudimentary training in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. Therefore, below we also note the complex and often-forgotten tradition of translation that helped shape Chinese letters and culture over the last two millennia. After all, even the Chinese words for past \u904e\u53bb, present \u73fe\u5728 and future \u672a\u4f86 are of foreign origin, translations from Sanskrit \u68b5\u6587.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Geremie R. Barm\u00e9, Editor, China Heritage<\/i>
\nEighth Day of the Fourth Month of the
\nDingyou Year of the Rooster 2017
\n\u4e01\u9149\u96de\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u521d\u516b\u4f5b\u8a95\u7bc0<\/p>\n

\n

Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium<\/em> of the people.<\/p>\n

Die Religion ist der Seufzer der bedr\u00e4ngten Kreatur, das Gem\u00fct einer herzlosen Welt, wie sie der Geist geistloser Zust\u00e4nde ist. Sie ist das Opium des Volkes<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u2014 Karl Marx,\u00a0A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel\u2019s Philosophy of Right, 1844<\/a><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

The first reference to a birthday celebration in China comes in the context of popular temple festivals to commemorate the birth of the Buddha. The passage refers to the early third century:<\/p>\n

On the Birthday of the Buddha festival [literally, washing the Buddha image], they prepare a lot of food and wine and spread mats on the road extending in an unbroken line for several miles. The crowds that come to watch and join the feast numbered nearly ten thousand people. The total cost was numbered in hundreds of millions. \u6bcf\u6d74\u4f5b\uff0c\u591a\u8a2d\u9152\u98ef\uff0c\u5e03\u5e2d\u65bc\u8def\uff0c\u7d93\u6578\u5341\u91cc\uff0c\u6c11\u4eba\u4f86\u89c0\u53ca\u5c31\u98df\u4e14\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u8cbb\u4ee5\u5de8\u5104\u8a18\u3002…<\/p>\n

Starting in the Tang, it became the norm to celebrate the Buddha’s birthday on the 8th of the 4th month.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u2014\u00a0Endymion Wilkinson<\/em>, Chinese History: A New Manual, Fourth Edition<\/a>, 2015, p.165.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
Photograph by Lois Conner.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

***<\/p>\n

On a Bone from Buddha\u2019s Body: A Memorial to the Throne<\/strong>
\n \u8aeb\u8fce\u4f5b\u9aa8\u8868<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Han Yu \u97d3\u6108<\/strong><\/h3>\n

translated by Herbert A. Giles<\/em><\/h4>\n

In this famous Memorial to the Throne in which he calls on the ruler to reject Buddhism, Han Yu (\u9000\u4e4b, 768-824), a Tang dynasty writer and poet, gives voice to a kind of elite Chinese Orthodoxy, or something akin to what in more modern times is called Fundamentalism (\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u7fa9 in Chinese). His objections to Buddhism, which very much reflect nativist rejections of the religion that long predate his memorial, do not touch on the philosophical underpinnings of the Mah\u0101y\u0101na credo or Buddhist teachings related to\u00a0compassion, universal salvation or transcendence. They focus rather on the transactional deficiencies\u00a0of this foreign, heterodox cult.<\/p>\n

Han argues that the Throne\u00a0should at least expect to gain material benefit from their beliefs, in particular longevity. Here he plays on the emperor’s vanity, and is guilty of l\u00e8se majest\u00e9 in suggesting that if the emperor persists in supporting the Buddhist cult of relics he threatens his own longevity. In the process he appeals to the teachings of China’s homegrown sages. Reaching back into the dark recesses of myth, he claims Chinese\u00a0rulers of yore were all long lived, proof that their ritual behaviour and kingly virtues bestowed upon them a munificent earthly existence. If dedication to Buddha\u00a0cannot extend life to the century mark, the writer declares, as well as vouchsafe the continuity of the dynasty, his teachings are invalid. Short-lived monarchs\u00a0\u904b\u795a\u4e0d\u9577 (literally ‘fated good-fortune was but short-lived’) are a sure indication\u00a0of the failures of this foreign belief.\u00a0Furthermore, Buddha, apart from his barbarian origins, alien speech and dress, had no understanding of the hierarchical bond between ruler and ruled, father and son.<\/p>\n

It is easy to sympathise with Han Yu’s disgust with the Buddhist cult of relics and the practice of physical mutilation by zealots but he is less convincing when he rejects without a moment’s consideration\u00a0the complex ideas of Buddhists as mere\u00a0‘delusive mummery’\u00a0\u8a6d\u7570\u4e4b\u89c0 and ‘ridiculous beliefs’\u00a0\u6232\u73a9\u4e4b\u5177. Nonetheless, Han’s courage in remonstrating with the throne, his superior moral stance, or\u00a0\u56fa\u7aae<\/a> as it is expressed in The Analects<\/em>, is a quality once extolled by disciples of the Chinese Master, but in little evidence among his modern-day apostles and their foreign lickspittles \u5e6b\u9592.<\/p>\n

Patrons at court saved Han Yu from being sent into exile. His writings and advocacy not only of the teachings of Confucius and the Sage Kings, but also the written style of pre-Han times, would have a profound impact and would influence the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Song dynasty. As China’s party-state promotes an official China Story and continues to propagate Confucius Institutes around the world, the style and message of Han Yu provide\u00a0a sobering lesson for those interested in one strand of long-lived intellectual pusillanimity.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Your Majesty’s servant would submit that Buddhism is but a cult of the barbarians, and that its spread in China dates only from the later Han dynasty, and that the ancients knew nothing of it. \u81e3\u67d0\u8a00\uff1a\u4f0f\u4ee5\u4f5b\u8005\uff0c\u5937\u72c4\u4e4b\u4e00\u6cd5\u8033\uff0c\u81ea\u5f8c\u6f22\u6642\u6d41\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4e0a\u53e4\u672a\u5617\u6709\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\n

Of old, Huangdi sat on the throne one hundred years, dying at the age of one hundred and ten. Shao Hao sat on the throne eighty years and died at the age of a hundred. Zhuanxu sat on the throne seventy-nine years and died at the age of ninety-eight. Digu sat on the throne seventy years and died at the age of a hundred and fifty. The Emperor Yao sat on the throne ninety-eight years and died at the age of a hundred and eighteen; and the Emperors Shun and Yu both attained the age of one hundred years. At that epoch the Empire was tranquil, and the people happy in the attainment of old age; and yet no Buddha had yet reached China. Subsequently, the Emperor Tang of the Yin dynasty reached the age of a hundred years; his grandson Taimou reigned for seventy-five years; and Wu Ting reigned for fifty-nine years. Their exact ages are not given in the annals, but at the lowest computation these can hardly have been less than a hundred years. Wen Wang of the Zhou dynasty reached the age of ninety-seven, Wu Wang reached the age of ninety-three; and Mu Wang reigned for one hundred years; and as at that date likewise the Buddhist religion had not reached China, these examples of longevity cannot be attributed to the worship of the Lord Buddha. \u6614\u8005\u9ec3\u5e1d\u5728\u4f4d\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u6b72\uff1b\u5c11\u660a\u5728\u4f4d\u516b\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u767e\u6b72\uff1b\u9853\u980a\u5728\u4f4d\u4e03\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u4e5d\u5341\u516b\u6b72\uff1b\u5e1d\u56b3\u5728\u4f4d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u767e\u4e94\u6b72\uff1b\u5e1d\u582f\u5728\u4f4d\u4e5d\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u516b\u6b72\uff1b\u5e1d\u821c\u53ca\u79b9\uff0c\u5e74\u7686\u767e\u6b72\u3002\u6b64\u6642\u5929\u4e0b\u592a\u5e73\uff0c\u767e\u59d3\u5b89\u6a02\u58fd\u8003\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e2d\u570b\u672a\u6709\u4f5b\u4e5f\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\u6bb7\u6e6f\u4ea6\u5e74\u767e\u6b72\uff0c\u6e6f\u5b6b\u592a\u620a\u5728\u4f4d\u4e03\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u6b66\u4e01\u5728\u4f4d\u4e94\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff0c\u66f8\u53f2\u4e0d\u8a00\u5176\u5e74\u58fd\u6240\u6975\uff0c\u63a8\u5176\u5e74\u6578\uff0c\u84cb\u4ea6\u4ff1\u4e0d\u6e1b\u767e\u6b72\u3002\u5468\u6587\u738b\u5e74\u4e5d\u5341\u4e03\u6b72\uff0c\u6b66\u738b\u5e74\u4e5d\u5341\u4e09\u6b72\uff0c\u7a46\u738b\u5728\u4f4d\u767e\u5e74\u3002\u6b64\u6642\u4f5b\u6cd5\u4ea6\u672a\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u975e\u56e0\u4e8b\u4f5b\u800c\u81f4\u7136\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
The A\u00f1jali Mudr\u0101 \u015aar\u012bra Pagoda of Famen Temple \u6cd5\u9580\u5bfa\u5408\u5341\u820d\u5229\u5854<\/a>, opened at the time of Buddha\u2019s Birthday,\u00a0May 2009. Designed in the shape of prayerful hands it is\u00a0a reliquary for a Buddha bone (\u015bar\u012bra<\/em> \u820d\u5229\u5b50)\u00a0held at the Famen Temple, which itself dates from the late-Han dynasty.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Buddhist religion was in fact introduced during the reign of Mingdi of the Han dynasty; and that Emperor sat on the throne but eighteen years. After him came rebellion upon rebellion, with short-lived monarchs. \u6f22\u660e\u5e1d\u6642\uff0c\u59cb\u6709\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff0c\u660e\u5e1d\u5728\u4f4d\uff0c\u624d\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u8033\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\u4e82\u4ea1\u76f8\u7e7c\uff0c\u904b\u795a\u4e0d\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n

During the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Yuan and Wei dynasties, and so on downwards, the Buddhistic religion gradually spread. The duration of those dynasties was comparatively short, only the Emperor Wudi of the Liang dynasty reigning for so long as forty-eight years. Thrice he devoted himself to the service of Buddha; at the sacrifices in his ancestral shrines no living victims were used; he daily took but one single meal, and that composed of fruits and vegetables; yet he was harassed by the rebel Hou Jing and died of hunger at Taicheng, soon after which his dynasty came to an end. He sought happiness in the worship but found misfortune instead; from which it must be clear to all that Buddha himself is after all but an incompetent God. \u5b8b\u3001\u9f4a\u3001\u6881\u3001\u9673\u3001\u5143\u9b4f\u5df2\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8b\u4f5b\u6f38\u8b39\uff0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c24\u4fc3\uff0c\u60df\u6881\u6b66\u5e1d\u5728\u4f4d\u56db\u5341\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u524d\u5f8c\u4e09\u5ea6\u6368\u8eab\u65bd\u4f5b\uff0c\u5b97\u5edf\u4e4b\u796d\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u7272\u7262\uff0c\u665d\u65e5\u4e00\u98df\uff0c\u6b62\u65bc\u83dc\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u7adf\u70ba\u4faf\u666f\u6240\u903c\uff0c\u9913\u6b7b\u53f0\u57ce\uff0c\u570b\u4ea6\u5c0b\u6ec5\u3002\u4e8b\u4f5b\u6c42\u798f\uff0c\u4e43\u66f4\u5f97\u798d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u89c0\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f5b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u77e5\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\n

When Gaozu [Li Shimin, founding emperor of the Tang dynasty] obtained the Empire he contemplated the extermination of this religion; but the officials of that day were men of limited capabilities; they did not understand the way of our rulers of old; they did not understand the exigencies of the past and present; they did not understand how to avail themselves of His Majesty\u2019s wisdom, and root out this evil. Therefore, the execution of this design was delayed, to your servant\u2019s infinite sorrow. \u9ad8\u7956\u59cb\u53d7\u968b\u79aa\uff0c\u5247\u8b70\u9664\u4e4b\u3002\u7576\u6642\u7fa4\u81e3\u6750\u8b58\u4e0d\u9060\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df1\u77e5\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u53e4\u4eca\u4e4b\u5b9c\uff0c\u63a8\u95e1\u8056\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u6551\u65af\u5f0a\uff0c\u5176\u4e8b\u9042\u6b62\uff0c\u81e3\u5e38\u6068\u7109\u3002<\/p>\n

Now your present Majesty, endowed with wisdom and courage such as are without parallel in the annals of the past thousand years, prohibited on your accession to the throne the practice of receiving candidates, whether male or female, for priestly orders, prohibiting likewise the erection of temples and monasteries; which caused your servant to believe that the mantle of Gaozu had descended on Your Majesty\u2019s shoulders. And even should prohibition be impossible, patronage would still be out of the question. \u4f0f\u7dad\u777f\u8056\u6587\u6b66\u7687\u5e1d\u965b\u4e0b\uff0c\u795e\u8056\u82f1\u6b66\uff0c\u6578\u5343\u767e\u5e74\u5df2\u4f86\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u502b\u6bd4\u3002\u5373\u4f4d\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u8a31\u5ea6\u4eba\u70ba\u50e7\u5c3c\u9053\u58eb\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u8a31\u5275\u7acb\u5bfa\u89c0\u3002\u81e3\u5e38\u4ee5\u70ba\u9ad8\u7956\u4e4b\u5fd7\uff0c\u5fc5\u884c\u65bc\u965b\u4e0b\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u4eca\u7e31\u672a\u80fd\u5373\u884c\uff0c\u8c48\u53ef\u6063\u4e4b\u8f49\u4ee4\u76db\u4e5f?<\/p>\n

Yet your servant has now heard that instructions have been issued to the priestly community to proceed to Fengxiang and receive a bone of Buddha, and that from a high tower in the palace Your Majesty will view its introduction into the Imperial Palace; also that orders have been sent to the various temples, commanding that the relic be received with the proper ceremonies. \u4eca\u805e\u965b\u4e0b\u4ee4\u7fa4\u50e7\u8fce\u4f5b\u9aa8\u65bc\u9cf3\u7fd4\uff0c\u5fa1\u6a13\u4ee5\u89c0\uff0c\u8201\u5165\u5927\u5167\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee4\u8af8\u5bfa\u905e\u8fce\u4f9b\u990a\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
Leshan Buddha \u6a02\u5c71\u5927\u4f5b, Tang dynasty. Photograph by Lois Conner.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Now, foolish though your servant may be, he is well aware that your Majesty does not do this in the vain hope of deriving advantages therefrom; but that in the fulness of our present plenty, and in the joy which reigns in the hearts of all, there is a desire to fall in with the wishes of the people in the celebration at the capital of this delusive mummery. For how could the wisdom of Your Majesty stoop to participation in such ridiculous beliefs? \u81e3\u96d6\u81f3\u611a\uff0c\u5fc5\u77e5\u965b\u4e0b\u4e0d\u60d1\u65bc\u4f5b\uff0c\u4f5c\u6b64\u5d07\u5949\uff0c\u4ee5\u7948\u798f\u7965\u4e5f\u3002\u76f4\u4ee5\u5e74\u8c50\u4eba\u6a02\uff0c\u5f87\u4eba\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u70ba\u4eac\u90fd\u58eb\u5eb6\u8a2d\u8a6d\u7570\u4e4b\u89c0\uff0c\u6232\u73a9\u4e4b\u5177\u8033\u3002\u5b89\u6709\u8056\u660e\u82e5\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u80af\u4fe1\u6b64\u7b49\u4e8b\u54c9!<\/p>\n

Still the people are slow of perception and easily beguiled; and should they behold Your Majesty thus earnestly worshipping at the feet of Buddha they would cry out, \u2018See! the Son of Heaven, the All-Wise, is a fervent believer; who are we, his people, that we should spare our bodies?\u2019 Then would ensue a scorching of heads and burning of fingers; crowds would collect together, and tearing off their clothes and scattering their money, would spend their time from morn to eve in imitation of Your Majesty’s example. The result would be that by and by young and old, seized with the same enthusiasm, would totally neglect the business of their lives; and should Your Majesty not prohibit it, they would be found flocking to the temples, ready to cut off an arm or slice their bodies as an offering to the God. Thus would our traditions and customs be seriously injured, and ourselves become a laughing-stock on the face of the earth;\u2015truly, no small matter! \u7136\u767e\u59d3\u611a\u51a5\uff0c\u6613\u60d1\u96e3\u66c9\uff0c\u82df\u898b\u965b\u4e0b\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c07\u8b02\u771f\u5fc3\u4e8b\u4f5b\uff0c\u7686\u96f2\uff1a\u300c\u5929\u5b50\u5927\u8056\uff0c\u7336\u4e00\u5fc3\u656c\u4fe1\uff1b\u767e\u59d3\u4f55\u4eba\uff0c\u8c48\u5408\u66f4\u60dc\u8eab\u547d!\u300d\u711a\u9802\u71d2\u6307\uff0c\u767e\u5341\u70ba\u7fa4\uff0c\u89e3\u8863\u6563\u9322\uff0c\u81ea\u671d\u81f3\u66ae\uff0c\u8f49\u76f8\u4eff\u6548\uff0c\u60df\u6050\u5f8c\u6642\uff0c\u8001\u5c11\u5954\u6ce2\uff0c\u68c4\u5176\u696d\u6b21\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u5373\u52a0\u7981\u904f\uff0c\u66f4\u6b77\u8af8\u5bfa\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u65b7\u81c2\u81e0\u8eab\u4ee5\u70ba\u4f9b\u990a\u8005\u3002\u50b7\u98a8\u6557\u4fd7\uff0c\u50b3\u7b11\u56db\u65b9\uff0c\u975e\u7d30\u4e8b\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\n

For Buddha was a barbarian. His language was not the language of China; his clothes were of an alien cut. He did not utter the maxims of our ancient rulers, nor conform to the customs which they have handed down. He did not appreciate the bond between prince and minister, the tie between father and son. \u592b\u4f5b\u672c\u5937\u72c4\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u8a00\u8a9e\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u8863\u670d\u6b8a\u5236\uff1b\u53e3\u4e0d\u8a00\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u6cd5\u8a00\uff0c\u8eab\u4e0d\u670d\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u6cd5\u670d\uff1b\u4e0d\u77e5\u541b\u81e3\u4e4b\u7fa9\uff0c\u7236\u5b50\u4e4b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n

Supposing, indeed, this Buddha had come to our capital in the flesh, under an appointment from his own State, then your Majesty might have received him with a few words of admonition, bestowing on him a banquet and a suit of clothes, previous to sending him out of the country with an escort of soldiers, and thereby have avoided any dangerous influence on the minds of the people. But what are the facts? The bone of a man long since dead and decomposed, is to be admitted, forsooth, within the precincts of the Imperial Palace! \u5047\u5982\u5176\u8eab\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u5728\uff0c\u5949\u5176\u570b\u547d\uff0c\u4f86\u671d\u4eac\u5e2b\uff0c\u965b\u4e0b\u5bb9\u800c\u63a5\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u5ba3\u653f\u4e00\u898b\uff0c\u79ae\u8cd3\u4e00\u8a2d\uff0c\u8cdc\u8863\u4e00\u8972\uff0c\u885b\u800c\u51fa\u4e4b\u65bc\u5883\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee4\u60d1\u773e\u4e5f\u3002\u6cc1\u5176\u8eab\u6b7b\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u67af\u673d\u4e4b\u9aa8\uff0c\u51f6\u7a62\u4e4b\u9918\uff0c\u8c48\u5b9c\u4ee4\u5165\u5bae\u7981?<\/p>\n

Confucius said, \u2018Pay all respect to spiritual beings, but keep them at a distance.\u2019 And so, when the princes of old paid visits of condolence to one another, it was customary for them to send on a magician in advance, with a peach wand in his hand, whereby to expel all noxious influences previous to the arrival of his master. \u5b54\u5b50\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u656c\u9b3c\u795e\u800c\u9060\u4e4b\u3002\u300d\u53e4\u4e4b\u8af8\u4faf\uff0c\u884c\u540a\u65bc\u5176\u570b\uff0c\u5c1a\u4ee4\u5deb\u795d\u5148\u4ee5\u6843\u8322\u7953\u9664\u4e0d\u7965\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9032\u540a\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Foguangshan Buddha Museum \u4f5b\u5149\u5c71\u4f5b\u9640\u7d00\u5ff5\u9928, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. This vast complex which opened in 2011\u00a0was built to house what is supposedly a tooth of the Buddha.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yet now Your Majesty is about to causelessly introduce a disgusting object, personally taking part in the proceedings without the intervention either of the magician or of his peach wand. Of the officials, not one has raised his voice against it; of the censors, not one has pointed out the enormity of such an act. Therefore your servant, overwhelmed with shame, implores Your Majesty that this bone may be handed over for destruction by fire or water, whereby the root of this great evil may be exterminated for all time, and the people know how much the wisdom of Your Majesty surpasses that of ordinary men. The glory of such a deed will be beyond all praise. And should the Lord Buddha have power to avenge this insult by the infliction of some misfortune, then let the vials of his wrath be poured out upon the person of your servant who now calls Heaven to witness that he will not repent him of his oath. \u4eca\u7121\u6545\u53d6\u673d\u7a62\u4e4b\u7269\uff0c\u89aa\u81e8\u89c0\u4e4b\uff0c\u5deb\u795d\u4e0d\u5148\uff0c\u6843\u8339\u4e0d\u7528\uff0c\u7fa4\u81e3\u4e0d\u8a00\u5176\u975e\uff0c\u5fa1\u53f2\u4e0d\u8209\u5176\u5931\uff0c\u81e3\u5be6\u6065\u4e4b\u3002\u4e5e\u4ee5\u6b64\u9aa8\u4ed8\u4e4b\u6709\u53f8\uff0c\u6295\u8af8\u6c34\u706b\uff0c\u6c38\u7d55\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u65b7\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u7591\uff0c\u7d55\u5f8c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u60d1\u3002\u4f7f\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u77e5\u5927\u8056\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u5c0b\u5e38\u842c\u842c\u4e5f\u3002\u8c48\u4e0d\u76db\u54c9! \u8c48\u4e0d\u5feb\u54c9! \u4f5b\u5982\u6709\u9748\uff0c\u80fd\u4f5c\u798d\u795f\uff0c\u51e1\u6709\u6b83\u548e\uff0c\u5b9c\u52a0\u81e3\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0a\u5929\u9452\u81e8\uff0c\u81e3\u4e0d\u6028\u6094\u3002<\/p>\n

In all gratitude and sincerity your Majesty\u2019s servant now humbly presents, with fear and trembling, this Memorial for your Majesty\u2019s benign consideration. \u7121\u4efb\u611f\u6fc0\u61c7\u6083\u4e4b\u81f3\uff0c\u8b39\u5949\u8868\u4ee5\u805e\u3002\u81e3\u67d0\u8aa0\u60f6\u8aa0\u6050\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014 Gems of Chinese Literature<\/a>, 1922.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
A votary image at one of the rebuilt temples devoted to the memory of Han Yu, a man celebrated as the first of the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Prose \u5510\u5b8b\u516b\u5927\u5bb6.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Patrons at court saved Han Yu from execution, but he was sent into exile. As Charles Hartman writes in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature<\/i>:<\/p>\n

He was among that small group of writers whose works not only became classics of the language \u2014 required reading for all those with claims to literacy in succeeding generations \u2014 but whose writings redefine and change the course of tradition itself … . And he was a major influence on the literary and intellectual life of his time, an important spokesman for a rejuvenated traditionalism that later emerged as Song Neo-Confucianism.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Today, as China’s party-state promotes an official China Story and spawns\u00a0Confucius Institutes around the world, the style and message of Han Yu provide a sobering lesson for those interested in one virulent strand of China’s long-lived intellectual pusillanimity.<\/p>\n

For a crucial text in Han Yu’s pro-Confucian anti-Buddhist and Taoist fulminations, see his True Faith of a Confucianist \u539f\u9053<\/a>, also translated by Giles<\/a>. It ends with a call to arms:<\/p>\n

[I]t will be asked, what is the remedy? I answer that unless these false doctrines are rooted out, the true faith will not prevail. Let us insist that the followers of Laozi and Buddha behave themselves like ordinary mortals. Let us burn their books. Let us turn their temples into dwelling-houses. Let us make manifest the Method of our ancient kings in order that men may be led to embrace its teachings. Thus, and thus only, will there be wherewithal to feed the widow and the orphan, to nourish the cripple and the sick;\u2014 and the scheme is feasible enough.\u00a0\u7136\u5247\u5982\u4e4b\u4f55\u800c\u53ef\u4e5f\uff1f\u66f0\uff0c\u4e0d\u585e\u4e0d\u6d41\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u4eba\u5176\u4eba\uff0c\u706b\u5176\u66f8\uff0c\u5eec\u5176\u5c45\u3002\u660e\u5148\u738b\u4e4b\u9053\u4ee5\u9053\u4e4b\u3002\u9c25\u5be1\u5b64\u7368\u5ee2\u75be\u8005\u6709\u990a\u4e5f\uff0c\u5176\u4ea6\u5eb6\u4e4e\u5176\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

On Teachers \u5e2b\u8aaa<\/a>, one of the best known essays by Han Yu, remains a basic text for students of Chinese and Chinese literature. It\u00a0has been translated into English by various hands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

For many, however, the sterile teachings of Confucius and China’s worldly sages failed to address what Karl Marx in the above calls the ‘soul of the soulless condition’. Worldly aspiration and longevity are central to the materialist underpinnings of orthodox Chinese life, but metaphysical yearnings, be they couched in the language of Lao-Zhuang, the various schools of Buddhism, or later Christianity, continue to bedevil China’s power holders and cultural patriots. In a refutation of Han Yu’s hysterical anti-Buddhism, the Liu Zongyuan (\u67f3\u5b97\u5143, 773-819), a friend of Han’s, offers a graceful embrace of the foreign creed in terms clearly articulated much earlier in a text known as Master Mou’s Settling of Confusion<\/i>\u00a0\u725f\u5b50\u7406\u60d1\u8ad6<\/a>. Liu is regarded as the second of the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Prose and, temperament aside, his literary and stylistic affinity with Han Yu has led the pair to be known by the shorthand Han-Liu \u97d3\u67f3.<\/p>\n

Beauties of Buddhism \u9001\u50e7\u6d69\u521d\u5e8f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Liu Zongyuan \u67f3\u5b97\u5143<\/strong><\/h3>\n

translated by Herbert A. Giles<\/em><\/h4>\n

My learned and estimable friend Han Yu\u00a0has often reproached my penchant<\/i> for Buddhism and the intercourse that I hold with its priests. And now a letter from him has just reached me, in which he blames me severely for not having denounced the religion in a recent address forwarded to another friend.\u00a0\u5112\u8005\u97d3\u9000\u4e4b\u8207\u4e88\u5584\uff0c\u5690\u75c5\u4e88\u55dc\u6d6e\u5c60\u8a00\uff0c\u8a3e\u4e88\u8207\u6d6e\u5c60\u904a\u3002\u8fd1\u96b4\u897f\u674e\u751f\u790e\u81ea\u6771\u90fd\u4f86\uff0c\u9000\u4e4b\u53c8\u5bd3\u66f8\u7f6a\u4e88\uff0c\u4e14\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u898b\u300a\u9001\u5143\u751f\u5e8f\u300b\uff0c\u4e0d\u65a5\u6d6e\u5c60\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

In point of fact, there is much in Buddhism which could not well be denounced; scilicet<\/i><\/a>, all those tenets which are based on principles common to our own sacred books. And it is precisely to these essentials, at once in perfect harmony with human nature and the teachings of Confucius, that I give in my adhesion. \u6d6e\u5c60\u8aa0\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u65a5\u8005\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8207\u300a\u6613\u300b\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b\u5408\uff0c\u8aa0\u6a02\u4e4b\uff0c\u5176\u65bc\u6027\u60c5\u596d\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u8207\u5b54\u5b50\u7570\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n

Han Yu himself could not be a warmer advocate of moral culture (as excluding the supernatural) than was Yang Xiong; and the works of the latter, as well as those of other heterodox writers, contain a great deal that is valuable. Why then should this be impossible in the case of Buddhism? Han Yu replies, \u2018Buddha was a barbarian.\u2019 But if this argument is good for anything, we might find ourselves embracing a criminal who happened to be a fellow-countryman, while neglecting a saint whose misfortune it was to be a foreigner! Surely this would be a hollow mockery indeed. \u9000\u4e4b\u597d\u5112\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u904e\u694a\u5b50\uff0c\u694a\u5b50\u4e4b\u66f8\uff0c\u65bc\u838a\u3001\u58a8\u3001\u7533\u3001\u97d3\u7686\u6709\u53d6\u7109\u3002\u6d6e\u5c60\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u4e0d\u53ca\u838a\u3001\u58a8\u3001\u7533\u3001\u97d3\u4e4b\u602a\u50fb\u96aa\u8cca\u8036\uff1f\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u4ee5\u5176\u5937\u4e5f\u3002\u300d\u679c\u4e0d\u4fe1\u9053\u800c\u65a5\u7109\u4ee5\u5937\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u53cb\u60e1\u4f86\u3001\u76dc\u8e60\uff0c\u800c\u8ce4\u5b63\u5284\u3001\u7531\u9918\u4e4e\uff1f\u975e\u6240\u8b02\u53bb\u540d\u6c42\u5be6\u8005\u77e3\u3002<\/p>\n

The lines I admire in Buddhism are those which are coincident with the principles enunciated in our own sacred books. And I do not think that, even were the holy sages of old to revisit the earth, they would fairly be able to denounce these. \u543e\u4e4b\u6240\u53d6\u8005\u8207\u300a\u6613\u300b\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b\u5408\uff0c\u96d6\u8056\u4eba\u5fa9\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u65a5\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\n

Now, Han Yu objects to the Buddhist commandments. He objects to the bald pates of the priests, their dark robes, their renunciation of domestic ties, their idleness, and life generally at the expense of others. So do I. But Han Yu misses the kernel while railing at the husk. He sees the lode, but not the ore. I see both; hence my partiality for the faith. \u9000\u4e4b\u6240\u7f6a\u8005\u5176\u8de1\u4e5f\uff0c\u66f0\uff1a\u300c\u9ae1\u800c\u7dc7\uff0c\u7121\u592b\u5a66\u7236\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u70ba\u8015\u8fb2\u8836\u6851\u800c\u6d3b\u4e4e\u4eba\u3002\u300d\u82e5\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u543e\u4ea6\u4e0d\u6a02\u4e5f\u3002\u9000\u4e4b\u5fff\u5176\u5916\u800c\u907a\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u77e5\u77f3\u800c\u4e0d\u77e5\u97de\u7389\u4e5f\u3002\u543e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u55dc\u6d6e\u5c60\u4e4b\u8a00\u4ee5\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

Again, intercourse with men of this religion does not necessarily imply conversion. Even if it did, Buddhism admits no envious rivalry for place or power. The majority of its adherents love only to lead a simple life of contemplation amid the charms of hill and stream. And when I turn my gaze towards the hurry-scurry of the age, in its daily race for the seals and tassels of office, I ask myself if I am to reject those in order to take my place among the ranks of these. \u8207\u5176\u4eba\u904a\u8005\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u901a\u5176\u8a00\u4e5f\u3002\u4e14\u51e1\u70ba\u5176\u9053\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u611b\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u722d\u80fd\uff0c\u6a02\u5c71\u6c34\u800c\u55dc\u9593\u5b89\u8005\u70ba\u591a\u3002\u543e\u75c5\u4e16\u4e4b\u9010\u9010\u8005\u552f\u5370\u7d44\u70ba\u52d9\u4ee5\u76f8\u8ecb\u4e5f\uff0c\u5247\u820d\u662f\u5176\u7109\u5f9e\uff1f\u543e\u4e4b\u597d\u8207\u6d6e\u5c60\u904a\u4ee5\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

The Buddhist priest, Haochu, is a man of placid temperament and of passions subdued. He is a fine scholar. His only joy is to muse o\u2019er flood and fell, with occasional indulgence in the delights of composition. His family\u2015for he has one[2]<\/sup>\u2015follow in the same path. He is independent of all men; and no more to be compared with those heterodox sages of whom we make so much, than with the vulgar herd of the greedy, grasping world around us. \u4eca\u6d69\u521d\u9593\u5176\u6027\uff0c\u5b89\u5176\u60c5\uff0c\u8b80\u5176\u66f8\uff0c\u901a\u300a\u6613\u300b\u300a\u8ad6\u8a9e\u300b\uff0c\u552f\u5c71\u6c34\u4e4b\u6a02\uff0c\u6709\u6587\u800c\u6587\u4e4b\u3002\u53c8\u7236\u5b50\u9e79\u70ba\u5176\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u990a\u800c\u5c45\uff0c\u6cca\u7109\u800c\u7121\u6c42\uff0c\u5247\u5176\u8ce2\u65bc\u70ba\u838a\u3001\u58a8\u3001\u7533\u3001\u97d3\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u9010\u9010\u7136\u552f\u5370\u7d44\u70ba\u52d9\u4ee5\u76f8\u8ecb\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4ea6\u9060\u77e3\u3002\u674e\u751f\u790e\u8207\u6d69\u521d\u53c8\u5584\u3002\u4eca\u4e4b\u5f80\u4e5f\uff0c\u4ee5\u543e\u8a00\u793a\u4e4b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u5bd3\u9000\u4e4b\uff0c\u8996\u4f55\u5982\u4e5f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014 Gems of Chinese Literature<\/a>, 1922.<\/em><\/p>\n

Not long after this, during the reign of the Wuzong Emperor, a wave of anti-Buddhist repression led to the closure of temples, the forced return of monks to lay life and the confiscation of the vast wealth accumulated by the Buddhist clergy. While tax evasion, rather then Confucian sobriety, may have been the real reason behind imperial ire, the impact on Buddhism in China was profound, and although it enjoyed high status during periods of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, its overall influence waned.<\/p>\n

\n

Meeting at Tiger Stream<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Liu Zongyuan’s was the voice of a relaxed Chinese humanist; it represents a syncretic approach to divergent views both of life and of the after life. One of the most famous depictions of the harmony between Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism is recorded in the Biographies of Eminent Monks<\/em>\u00a0\u9ad8\u50e7\u50b3 by Huijiao \u6167\u768e\u00a0of the mid sixth century. As Lin Yutang \u6797\u8a9e\u5802, the mellow master of twentieth-century Chinese humour<\/a> puts it:<\/p>\n

\n
Three Laughs at Tiger Stream.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The abbot courted his [Tao Yuanming\u2019s] friendship and one day he invited him to drink, together with another great Taoist friend. They were then a company of three; the abbot, representing Buddhism, Tao representing Confucianism, and the other friend representing Taoism. It had been the abbot\u2019s life vow never to go beyond a certain bridge in his daily walks, but one day when he and the other friend were sending Tao home, they were so pleasantly occupied in their conversation that the abbot went past the bridge without knowing it. When it was pointed out to him, the company of three laughed. This incident of the three laughing old men became the subject of popular Chinese paintings because it symbolised the happiness and gaiety of three carefree, wise souls, representing three religions united by the sense of humour.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Lin Yutang, The Importance of Living<\/i>, 1937.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Although this account, based on a story recorded by Huijiao about the three friends \u2014 the monk Huiyuan \u6167\u9060, a Taoist by the name of Lu Xiujing \u9678\u4fee\u975c and the reclusive poet Tao Yuanming \u9676\u6df5\u660e \u2014\u00a0joined by laughter, is an impossible fabrication since there three lived in different eras, the spirit of (and hope for) good-humoured fellowship has found form\u00a0for centuries\u00a0in poetry and art. The spirit of ‘three faiths joined as one’ \u4e09\u6559\u5408\u4e00 is summed up\u00a0in\u00a0the saying ‘Three Laughs at Tiger Stream’ \u864e\u6eaa\u4e09\u7b11.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\"\"
Standing at forty-eight metres the world’s tallest Amit\u0101bha Buddha was completed in 2013. It is not far from the Tiger Stream of Donglin Temple, Lu Shan, Jiangxi province.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The reclusive monk Huiyuan is also famous for other reasons: having founded the Donglin Temple \u6771\u6797\u5bfa near Lu Shan he encouraged the veneration of and meditation on Amit\u0101bha Buddha \u963f\u5f4c\u9640\u4f5b\u00a0which laid the basis for practices related to the Lotus Sutra<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u5999\u6cd5\u84ee\u83ef\u7d93 \u00a0<\/b>\u0938\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/span>\u00a0and the rise of the influential Pure Land School \u6de8\u571f\u5b97. He also published correspondence with the great translator Kum\u0101raj\u012bva (\u9ce9\u6469\u7f85\u4ec0, 344-413CE)\u00a0on the basic tenets of Buddhism, as well as the treatise ‘A Monk Does Not Bow Down Before the Ruler’\u00a0\u6c99\u9580\u4e0d\u656c\u738b\u8005\u8ad6\u00a0(404CE). The latter made him extremely unpopular with dynastic rulers and Confucian bureaucrats.\u00a0Buddhism further alienated believers from the tradition since it encouraged believe in life after death and reincarnation, as well as requiring monks to leave home to live in monasteries and sever the\u00a0bonds of filiality. Huiyuan’s admonishment held sway for centuries but, with the resurgence of Confucian orthodoxy and the demands of dynastic power, Buddhist monks learned to kowtow to their secular rulers.<\/p>\n

\n

The Heart Sutra<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 H\u1e5b<\/em>daya\u00a0S\u016btra<\/i><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0944\u0926\u092f \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0902<\/strong>
\n\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u5fc3\u7d93<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In the Mah\u0101y\u0101na \u5927\u4e58\u00a0tradition of Buddhism, the Buddha was born not merely in the physical realm, but in Absolute Wisdom, the Womb of Wisdom. This concept of birth is summed up in one of the most famous, and oft-recited texts of northern Buddhism, The Heart Sutra<\/em> \u5fc3\u7d93, short for\u00a0The Sutra of the Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom<\/em>. Its message, which melds well with elements of Lao-Zhuang \u8001\u838a philosophical Taoism, have played a role in Chinese thought and culture ever since it appeared. Its origins are still contested; there is even a view that it was composed or back-translated into Sanskrit from a Chinese original. Whatever the truth, this simple text, and its most memorable, and oft-repeated,\u00a0line ‘Form is Emptiness, and Emptiness is Form’ \u8272\u5373\u7a7a,\u00a0\u7a7a\u5373\u8272 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u094d, have resonated through Chinese culture for some 1500 years. Among the numerous resonances of its ideas in poetry, prose and art, it also profoundly influenced China’s most famous novel, The Story of the Stone<\/em> \u77f3\u982d\u8a18 (aka\u00a0The Dream of the Red Chamber<\/em> \u7d05\u6a13\u5922), the opening chapter of which contains\u00a0the theme\u00a0of the book:<\/p>\n

As a consquence of all this, Vanitas, starting off in the Void (which is Truth) came to the contemplation of Form (which is Illusion); and from Form engendered Passion; and by communicating Passion, entered again into Form; and from Form awoke to the Void (which is Truth)\u00a0\u5f9e\u6b64\u7a7a\u7a7a\u9053\u4eba\u56e0\u7a7a\u898b\u8272\uff0c\u7531\u8272\u751f\u60c5\uff0c\u50b3\u60c5\u5165\u8272\uff0c\u81ea\u8272\u609f\u7a7a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0trans. David Hawkes<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

[Note<\/em>: the\u00a0term ‘wisdom’,\u00a0praj\u00f1\u0101<\/em> in Sanskrit and\u00a0\u822c\u82e5 in Chinese, occurs frequently in this text, and in Chinese Buddhism generally. Despite appearances to the contrary,\u00a0\u822c\u82e5 is pronounced b\u014dr\u011b<\/em>.]<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b \u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b
\n\u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u092f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092e \u0964
\n\u092a\u091e\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0936\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092a\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092e \u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u89c0\u81ea\u5728\u83e9\u85a9\uff0c
\n\u884c\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u6642\u7167\u898b\uff0c
\n\u4e94\u860a\u7686\u7a7a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Avalokita, The Holy Lord and Boddhisatva,
\nwas moving in the deep course of Wisdom which has gone beyond
\nHe looked down from on high,
\nHe beheld but five heaps, and he saw that in their own-being they were empty.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u0907\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u094d \u0964
\n\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u094d \u0964
\n\u092f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0902 \u0938\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u094d \u0964
\n\u090f\u0935\u092e\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u820d\u5229\u5b50\u8272\u5373\u7a7a\uff0c\u7a7a\u5373\u8272
\n\u8272\u4e0d\u7570\u7a7a\uff0c\u7a7a\u4e0d\u7570\u8272
\n\u8272\u5373\u662f\u7a7a\uff0c\u7a7a\u5373\u662f\u8272
\n\u53d7\u60f3\u884c\u8b58\uff0c\u4ea6\u5fa9\u5982\u662f<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Here, O \u015a\u0101riputra, form is emptiness and the very emptiness is form;
\nemptiness does not differ from form, form does not differ from emptiness;
\nwhatever is form, that is emptiness, whatever is emptiness, that is form,
\nthe same is true of feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Heart Sutra<\/i> in the hand of Zhao Mengfu, part I, with imperial seals, including those of the Qianlong \u4e7e\u9686 and Jiaqing \u5609\u6176 reign periods of the Qing dynasty<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u0907\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0903\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093e
\n\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0928\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0903 \u0964
\n\u0924\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0902
\n\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e \u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0902 \u0964
\n\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0903 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0918\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093f
\n\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0917\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0930\u0938\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0903
\n\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0903 \u0964
\n\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u094b
\n\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0902 \u0928 \u091c\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0930\u0923\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u094b
\n\u0928 \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e \u0928 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0902 \u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0903 \u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u820d\u5229\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u8af8\u6cd5\u7a7a\u76f8
\n\u4e0d\u751f\u4e0d\u6ec5\uff0c\u4e0d\u57a2\u4e0d\u6de8\uff0c\u4e0d\u589e\u4e0d\u6e1b
\n\u662f\u6545\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u8272
\n\u7121\u53d7\u60f3\u884c\u8b58
\n\u7121\u773c\u8033\u9f3b\u820c\u8eab\u610f
\n\u7121\u8272\u8072\u9999\u5473\u89f8\u6cd5
\n\u7121\u773c\u754c\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u754c
\n\u7121\u7121\u660e\uff0c\u4ea6\u7121\u660e\u76e1
\n\u4e43\u81f3\u7121\u8001\u6b7b\uff0c\u4ea6\u7121\u8001\u6b7b\u76e1
\n\u7121\u82e6\u96c6\u6ec5\u9053\uff0c\u7121\u667a\u4ea6\u7121\u5f97<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"
The Heart Sutra<\/em> in the hand of Zhao Mengfu, part II.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n
\n

\u0924\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0926\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f
\n\u0935\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0903 \u0964
\n\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0903 \u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4ee5\u7121\u65e0\u6240\u5f97\u6545\uff0c\u83e9\u63d0\u85a9\u57f5\uff0c\u4f9d\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u6545
\n\u5fc3\u7121\u7f63\u7919\u6545\uff0c\u7121\u6709\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u9060\u96e2\u98a0\u5012\u5922\u60f3\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u6d85\u69c3<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Therefore it is because of his non-attainmentness that a Bodhisattva, through having relied on the perfection of wisdom, dwells without thought-coverings. In the absence of thought-coverings he has not been made to tremble, he has overcome what can upset, and in the end he attains to Nirvana.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0927\u0935\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0903 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092e\u094d
\n\u0906\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0903 \u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4e09\u4e16\u8af8\u4f5b\uff0c\u4f9d\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u6545\uff0c
\n\u5f97\u963f\u8028\u591a\u7f85\u4e09\u85d0\u4e09\u83e9\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

All those who appear as Buddhas in the three periods of time fully awake to the utmost, right and perfect enlightenment because they have relied on the perfection of wisdom.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Heart Sutra<\/em> in the hand of Zhao Mengfu, part 3.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n
\n

\u0924\u0938\u093e\u091c\u094d\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b
\n\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b \u093d\u0928\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b \u093d\u0938\u092e\u0938\u092e\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0903 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u092e\u0928\u0903 \u0964
\n\u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092e\u092e\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u094d\u0928\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u094b \u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0903<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u6545\u77e5\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\uff0c\u662f\u5927\u795e\u5492
\n\u662f\u5927\u660e\u5492\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u4e0a\u5492\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u7b49\u7b49\u5492\uff0c\u80fd\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u82e6
\n\u771f\u5be6\u4e0d\u865b\u3002\u6545\u8aaa\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u5492<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Therefore one should know the praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/em>\u00a0as the great spell, the spell of great knowledge, the utmost spell, allayer of suffering, in truth \u2014 for what could go wrong? By the praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101<\/em> has this spell been delivered.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u0924\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0964
\n\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093e \u0965<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5373\u8aaa\u5492\u66f0
\n\u63b2\u8ae6\u63b2\u8ae6\u6ce2\u7f85\u63b2\u8ae6\u6ce2\u7f85\u50e7\u63b2\u8ae6\u83e9\u63d0\u5a11\u5a46\u8a36<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

It runs like this:<\/p>\n

Gone, gone, gone beyond, gone altogether beyond
\nO what awakening, all hail!<\/p>\n

\n
\n

\u0907\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091e\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d \u0965<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u5fc3\u7d93\u7d50\u675f<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

This completes the Heart of perfect wisdom.<\/p>\n

\u2014 The Heart Sutra in Sanskrit and Chinese<\/em><\/a>;
\ntrans.\u00a0Edward Conze,<\/em>\u00a0The Heart Sutra<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
The mantra: gate gate p\u0101ragate p\u0101rasa\u1e43gate bodhi sv\u0101h\u0101\u00a0<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093e. In Chinese: \u63b2\u8ae6\u63b2\u8ae6\u6ce2\u7f85\u63b2\u8ae6\u6ce2\u7f85\u50e7\u63b2\u8ae6\u83e9\u63d0\u5a11\u5a46\u8a36. Recitation of this mantra is said\u00a0to ward off all kinds of evil.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

***<\/p>\n

When we read the Taoist thinker Zhuangzi it is little wonder that proponents of Chinese Buddhism used his ideas to make their foreign creed appealing to Chinese elites:<\/p>\n

Now I am going to make a statement here. I don’t know whether it fits into the category of other people’s statements or not. But whether it fits into their category or whether it doesn’t, it obviously fits into some category. So in that respect it is no different from their statements. However, let me try making my statement. \u4eca\u4e14\u6709\u8a00\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u8207\u662f\u985e\u4e4e\uff1f\u5176\u8207\u662f\u4e0d\u985e\u4e4e\uff1f\u985e\u8207\u4e0d\u985e\uff0c\u76f8\u8207\u70ba\u985e\uff0c\u5247\u8207\u5f7c\u7121\u4ee5\u7570\u77e3\u3002\u96d6\u7136\uff0c\u8acb\u5617\u8a00\u4e4b\uff1a<\/p>\n

There is a beginning. There is a not yet beginning to be a beginning. There is a not yet beginning to be a not yet beginning to be a beginning. There is being. There is nonbeing. There is a not yet beginning to be nonbeing. There is a not yet beginning to be a not yet beginning to be nonbeing. Suddenly there is nonbeing. But I do not know, when it comes to nonbeing, which is really being and which is nonbeing. Now I have just said something. But I don’t know whether what I have said has really said something or whether it hasn’t said something. \u6709\u59cb\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u59cb\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u592b\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u59cb\u4e5f\u8005\uff1b\u6709\u6709\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u7121\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u7121\u4e5f\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u592b\u672a\u59cb\u6709\u7121\u4e5f\u8005\u3002\u4fc4\u800c\u6709\u7121\u77e3\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u77e5\u6709\u7121\u4e4b\u679c\u5b70\u6709\u5b70\u7121\u4e5f\u3002\u4eca\u6211\u5247\u5df2\u6709\u6709\u8b02\u77e3\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u77e5\u543e\u6240\u8b02\u4e4b\u5176\u679c\u6709\u8b02\u4e4e\uff1f\u5176\u679c\u7121\u8b02\u4e4e\uff1f<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u2014 Zhuangzi <\/em>\u838a\u5b50, ‘Discussion on Making All Things Equal’ <\/em>\u9f4a\u7269\u8ad6,
\ntranslated by Burton Watson<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Accumulating Good Karma<\/strong>
\n \u6368\u7de3\u8c46<\/strong><\/h3>\n

On the eight day of the fourth month such people of the Capital as love virtue take several pints of green and yellow beans, and pick the beans up one by one, putting them down again a little distance away, reciting each time the name of (Amit\u0101bha) Buddha. When this ceremony is over, they boil the beans and distribute them (to anyone who happens to be passing by). The city people call this ‘giving away karma-accumulating beans’, because it is done to store up good carma in future incarnations.<\/p>\n

According to Accounts of the Past Heard in the Precincts of the Sun<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>\u65e5\u4e0b\u820a\u805e\u8003<\/a>, Peking Buddhist priests, and other people who would invoke Buddha’s name, kept a record of the number of invocations by counting beans, (as they were passed from one bowl to another) immediately (after each invocation). On the eight day of the fourth month, which is the Buddha’s birthday, they would cook beans with only a little salt, and would stop people on the street, inviting them to partake.<\/p>\n

This was done so as to accumulate good karma, and to-day we still follow this old custom.<\/p>\n

\u2014 from Tun Li-ch’en and Derk Bodde,\u00a0<\/em>Annual Customs and Festivals in Peking<\/a><\/p>\n

It may seem flippant to observe\u00a0that\u00a0the practice of ‘storing merit’ \u5316\u7de3 by counting beans seems simply too actuarial, but the habit of making up\u00a0elaborate enumerations for virtues, practices, meditational methods, Buddhas, Boddhisattvas, worlds, universes and so on worked well within a Chinese context that also favoured numbering everything from\u00a0kingly reigns, the Five Elements and the Five Virtues to the Three Bonds of familiar relationships. In turn, this practice has fed into the modern Chinese obsession with statistics and numbered slogans, formulations and targets, all of which also happen to be well suited to the global neo-liberal turn.<\/p>\n

\n

Protecting Life \u8b77\u751f
\nProtecting the Heart \u8b77\u5fc3<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The Buddha’s Birth is celebrated\u00a0in various ways. Apart from the ceremonial bathing of Baby Buddha statues, believers and temples prepare vegetarian foods\u00a0which are freely\u00a0distributed. Special dishes are cooked by\u00a0families of the faithful \u5c45\u58eb\u00a0\u0909\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0915 while\u00a0others use the occasion to honour the vow of Non-Violence or Non-Killing \u6212\u6bba \u0905\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e, one of the Five Precepts, by visiting temples to release living creatures\u00a0\u653e\u751f.\u00a0It is believed that when such acts\u00a0are performed on auspicious days, such as the Buddha’s Birthday, the merit that accrues to the individual is multiplied. Such ceremonies are accompanied by blessings and prayers.<\/p>\n

In the twentieth century, the most famous injunction against violence and killing was part of a fifty-year undertaking initiated by the artist, translator and essayist Feng Zikai \u8c50\u5b50\u6137 ninety years ago, in 1927.<\/p>\n

From Paintings to Project Life<\/em>: a Song-dynasty poem by Huang Tingjian in the hand of Dharma Master Hongyi\u00a0and\u00a0a painting by Feng Zikai.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zikai, who has previously featured in China Heritage,\u00a0<\/i>formally converted to Buddhism in 1927, an event officiated over by Dharma Master Hongyi \u5f18\u4e00\u6cd5\u5e2b (formerly Feng’s high-school teacher and mentor, Li Shutong \u674e\u53d4\u540c). Now a Buddhism layman Zikai, a lifelong vegetarian, began work\u00a0a series of paintings\u00a0related to the release and preservation of life. These paintings which\u00a0cautioned the world against killing were added to over the years to mark Hongyi’s life. In\u00a01927, Zikai\u00a0produced ten paintings with poems written in the hand of Hongyi, and the project continued every decade thereafter until the time of the artist’s death in 1975, two years short of the half century.\u00a0With these works\u00a0Feng Zikai not only promoted the belief in ahimsa<\/i>, non-violence, but they also gave form to a\u00a0view summed up in the introduction to the first volume of Paintings to Protect Life<\/i> \u8b77\u751f\u756b\u96c6 by the Confucian thinker Ma Yifu \u99ac\u4e00\u6d6e: the essential meaning of trying to preserve the life of other creatures \u8b77\u751f was to realise that you are at one with all beings, and that only by understanding the importance of protecting and nurturing your own heart \u8b77\u5fc3 can you really be possessed of the moral strength and wisdom to protect other living things.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

The doctrinal basis for ‘releasing life’ in China are usually traced to the Brahma Net Sutra<\/i> \u68b5\u7db2\u7d93 or Brahmaj\u0101la S\u016btra<\/i> and the Sui dynasty (581-618), when fast days were first promulgated and bans placed on killing living beings. Again, as Endymion Wilkinson notes in his encyclopaedic account of things Chinese:<\/p>\n

We know that Sui Wendi \u968b\u6587\u5e1d (b.541; r.581-605) is recorded as having shown his gratitude to his parents on his birthday in 603 by introducing the Buddhist practice of forbidding the butchering of animals on that day (\u65b7\u5c60, i.e., \u7981\u65b7\u5c60\u6bba).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u2014 Chinese History: A New Manual<\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

The precept of nonviolence admonishes lay followers of Buddhism and members of the clergy alike against killing, causing others to kill, offering others the means to kill, helping others to kill, or killing by uttering a spell. Ponds for releasing life, that is where fish were safe from human predation, had been a feature of Buddhist monasteries from the time to Emperor Yuan of the Liang dynasty (552-555). The practice of releasing life waxed and waned over the centuries. Dharma Master Hongyi asked in a sermon on the subject: ‘If you care for your loved ones, how can you bear to see them create bad karma by killing?’<\/p>\n

Feng Zikai would continue his work on Paintings to Protect Life<\/em> to the end of his days, the sixth and final volume appearing in Hong Kong in 1979, fifty years after the first volume was published and four years after the artist’s\u00a0death.<\/p>\n

In ‘Morning’ \u6e05\u6668, an essay written in 1935, Zikai offers an insight into his reasoning behind encouraging the ‘sympathetic heart’ in others through nonviolence. In it he offers a minute description of the torturous labours of a group of ants that he has observed transporting a lump of rice dropped on the ground, talking of them as though they were human beings. He is joined by his daughter Ah Bao \u963f\u5bf6, who shares his concern for the ants’ travails. The manager of the dye shop next door comes in and takes pains to avoid treading on the line of ants, crying out in relief when they are safe. Seeing how engrossed Ah Bao is in all this, Feng tells her what he means when he talks about the sympathetic heart, using the shop manager as an example:<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"
From Paintings to Protect Life<\/em>, vol.1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

He’s not against killing as such, and he enjoys eating meat; he’ll even kill chickens himself. [His actions just now] were a realisation of the value of sympathy. It is not against the law to kill ants, nor does it take any great effort; moreover, no one will attempt to revenge the dead. But anyone who has witnessed their thirst for life, their energy and unity, and their devoted struggle to survive should be able to sympathise with ants and to feel protective towards these tiny creatures. We are not calling for a ban on the murder of ants, far from it. After all, we don\u2019t particularly want to encourage their proliferation. Yet a person who has witnessed such a scene and still goes out of his way to crush them must surely be a heartless and crazed individual. By this very act of cruelty they will have lost something that is [innate] to human nature. What I am concerned for is not so much the lives of those ants, but the sympathetic heart of humankind.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u2014 adapted from Barm\u00e9,<\/em> An Artistic Exile<\/a><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

China Heritage<\/em> draws inspiration from many sources, including from the Bamboo Grove. In our Rationale<\/a> we quote at length Xi Kang’s famous letter and feature the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove<\/a>. Other figures include the poet and retired official Tao Yuanming, mentioned above, who quit officialdom to live with his family on a farm near Lu Shan in modern-day Jiangxi province.<\/p>\n

As we have noted here, the peaceful coexistence\u00a0of\u00a0different\u00a0Ways of Thought in China did\u00a0not last. Buddhism continued its rise in influence following the end of the Wei-Jin Age of Disunity and became a predominant force in the court of the Tang dynasty emperors and although Buddhist schools and practice came under attack, relative to the sectarian strife rampant among\u00a0People of the Book, China remained relatively tolerant of religious divergence, at least until the Qing dynasty, first with the repression of Christians, and later with the repression of everyone by the Christians of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the mid-nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

In the twenty-first century new Age of Extremes, the Three Laughs at Tiger Stream\u00a0offers a spirit of\u00a0generosity in an age of turmoil, religious fanaticism and shrill ideologies. The connect through words, ideas and sensibility with that past can carry us to a future, perhaps not a better future, but one in which the ephemeral can for a time at least be submerged in the eternal. The Buddha’s Birthday though a celebration that presages extinction provides also an opportune\u00a0moment\u00a0to\u00a0reflect on\u00a0traditions that transformed\u00a0the narrow escapism of early canonical Buddhism into a universal belief in understanding, compassion and humanity.<\/p>\n

\n

Try and Make it to Cold Mountain<\/strong><\/h3>\n

The monk-poet Jiaoran (\u768e\u7136, 730-799) was active at a time when the stern ‘literary recidivism’ of Han Yu and his fellows, many of them\u00a0champions of a movement to ‘revive culture through return’\u00a0<\/em>\u5fa9\u53e4 to ancient exemplars was in relative abeyance. The monk\u00a0favoured a more creative approach to the different poetic and prose forms and styles that had developed over the centuries. Although such eclecticism, or what the\u00a0literary translator Stephen Owen calls Jiaoran’s ‘catholicity’, was (and is not even today) always popular, it swells the currents of change and possibility that lie behind much of China’s greatest works, be they produced by literati elites or artisans.<\/p>\n

We end our meditation on Gautama Buddha with one poem by Jiaoran and two\u00a0by Hanshan (\u5bd2\u5c71, 627-650; or, according to the literary historian Hu Shi \u80e1\u9069, 700-780), famous for his accessible and often colloquial poetry that combined Taoist, mainstream Buddhist and Chan\/Zen ideas.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Playful Poem<\/strong>
\n Jiaoran<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yammering, squabbling \u2014 all of it
\nin a world bound by ‘true’ and ‘false’;
\nWho understands the peace of mind
\nI feel the whole day long?
\nA chance visitor sings wildly \u2014
\nand why does he do what he does?
\nHe wants only to force himself
\nto care about human affairs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u6232\u984c
\n\u768e\u7136<\/p>\n

\u55a7\u55a7\u5171\u5728\u662f\u975e\u9593<\/p>\n

\u7d42\u65e5\u8ab0\u77e5\u6211\u81ea\u9592<\/p>\n

\u5076\u5ba2\u72c2\u6b4c\u4f55\u6240\u70ba<\/p>\n

\u6b32\u65bc\u4eba\u4e8b\u5f37\u76f8\u805e<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u2014\u00a0translated by Stephen Owen<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\n
\n

People ask the way to Cold Mountain.
\nCold Mountain? There is no road that goes through.
\nEven in summer the ice doesn’t melt;
\nThough the sun comes out, the fog is blinding.
\nHow can you hope to get there by aping me?
\nYour heart and mine are not alike.
\nIf your heart were the same as mine,
\nThen you could journey to the very centre!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u4eba\u554f\u5bd2\u5c71\u9053
\n\u5bd2\u5c71\u8def\u4e0d\u901a
\n\u590f\u5929\u51b0\u672a\u91cb
\n\u65e5\u51fa\u9727\u6726\u6727
\n\u4f3c\u6211\u4f55\u7531\u5c46
\n\u8207\u541b\u5fc3\u4e0d\u540c
\n\u541b\u5fc3\u82e5\u4f3c\u6211
\n\u9084\u5f97\u5230\u5176\u4e2d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u2014\u00a0translated by Burton Watson<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Try and Make It<\/strong>
\n Hanshan<\/strong><\/p>\n

When men see Hanshan
\nThey all say he’s crazy
\nAnd not much to look at \u2014
\nDressed in rags and hides.
\nThey don’t get what I say
\n& I don’t talk their language.
\nAll I can say to those I meet:
\n‘Try and make it to Cold Mountain.’<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u53ef\u4f86\u5411\u5bd2\u5c71
\n\u5bd2\u5c71<\/p>\n

\u6642\u4eba\u898b\u5bd2\u5c71
\n\u5404\u8b02\u662f\u98a8\u985b
\n\u8c8c\u4e0d\u8d77\u4eba\u76ee
\n\u8eab\u552f\u5e03\u88d8\u7e8f
\n\u6211\u8a9e\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6703
\n\u4ed6\u8a9e\u6211\u4e0d\u8a00
\n\u70ba\u5831\u5f80\u4f86\u8005
\n\u53ef\u4f86\u5411\u5bd2\u5c71<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u2014\u00a0translated by Gary Snyder<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

Those who by my form did see me,
\nAnd those who followed me by voice
\nWrong the efforts they engaged in,
\nMe those people will not see.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u82e5\u4ee5\u8272\u898b\u6211
\n\u4ee5\u97f3\u8072\u6c42\u6211
\n\u662f\u4eba\u884c\u90aa\u9053
\n\u4e0d\u80fd\u898b\u5982\u4f86<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u2014 The Diamond Sutra \u91d1\u525b\u7d93<\/a>, trans. Edward Conze<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Recommended\u00a0Material<\/strong><\/p>\n

For a two-part\u00a0documentary film on Cold Mountain that features some of the translators quoted here, see here<\/a>\u00a0and here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rachelle M. Scott, Nirvana for Sale: Buddhism, Wealth and the Dhammak\u0101ya Temple in Contemporary Thailand<\/a>, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, 2009.<\/p>\n

A Vocabulary<\/strong><\/p>\n

Buddhist Terms in Everyday Chinese<\/h3>\n

\u6f22\u8a9e\u767c\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e<\/a><\/h3>\n

\u6f22\u8a9e\u767c\u5c55\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6f22\u8a9e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5438\u6536\u5916\u4f86\u8a9e\u5171\u6709\u4e09\u6b21\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5308\u5974\u3001\u897f\u57df\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u8a5e\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u9b4f\u6649\u81f3\u968b\u5510\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u662f\u68b5\u8a9e\u7cfb\u7d71\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u8a5e\u8a9e\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u660e\u6e05\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u897f\u65b9\u8a9e\u6e90\u7684\u8a5e\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4f86\u81ea\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u8a5e\u662f\u5c0d\u6f22\u8a9e\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u64da\u6881\u555f\u8d85\u5148\u751f\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u7de8\u7684\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u5927\u8fad\u5178\u300b\u5171\u6536\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\u201c\u4e09\u842c\u4e94\u5343\u4f59\u8a9e\u201d\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4f5b\u6559\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u4e2d\u570b\u8a71\uff01
\n\u5169\u6f22\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u7531\u5370\u5ea6\u50b3\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4f5b\u6559\u5178\u7c4d\u9678\u7e8c\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u6f22\u8a9e\u3002\u4f5b\u7d93\u672c\u4ee5\u68b5\u6587\u5beb\u6210\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5b97\u6559\u8853\u8a9e\u548c\u53e4\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8a5e\u532f\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u7d93\u7c4d\u88ab\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u6f22\u8a9e\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5916\u4f86\u8a9e\u4ea6\u6f38\u6f38\u878d\u5165\u6f22\u8a9e\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u65e5\u5e38\u8a9e\u532f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u83e9\u85a9\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7f85\u6f22\u201d\u3001\u201c\u591c\u53c9\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6368\u5229\u201d\u7b49\u8a5e\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u201c\u6046\u6cb3\u6c99\u6578\u201d\u3001\u201c\u56de\u982d\u662f\u5cb8\u201d\u7b49\u6210\u8a9e\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4f5b\u6559\u8a9e\u8a00\u9010\u6f38\u8207\u6f22\u8a9e\u76f8\u878d\u651d\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u7405\u7405\u5728\u53e3\u537b\u7fd2\u7109\u4e0d\u5bdf\uff0c\u50c5\u8209\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u5920\u60a8\u5927\u5403\u4e00\u9a5a\u4e86\u5427\u3002
\n\u3010\u524e\u90a3\u3011\u68b5\u8a9e\u201cksana\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u3002\u4f5b\u5178\u4e2d\u201c\u524e\u90a3\u201d\u6307\u201c\u6642\u4e4b\u6975\u5fae\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u975e\u5e38\u77ed\u7684\u6642\u9593\u3002\u201c\u524e\u90a3\u7121\u5e38\u201d\u3001\u201c\u524e\u90a3\u751f\u6ec5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u524e\u90a3\u4e09\u4e16\u201d\u7b49\u4e5f\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u4eba\u5011\u9084\u5e38\u7528\u201c\u4e00\u524e\u90a3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u524e\u90a3\u9593\u201d\u7b49\u8a5e\u3002
\n\u3010\u8309\u8389\u3011\u68b5\u8a9e\u201cmalika\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u7c21\u7a31\uff0c\u662f\u7522\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u82b1\u3002\u4f5b\u7d93\u88e1\u6700\u521d\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u201c\u62b9\u8389\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u725b\u9b3c\u86c7\u795e\u3011\u539f\u70ba\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\u9670\u9593\u9b3c\u5352\u3001\u795e\u4eba\u7b49\uff0c\u5f8c\u6210\u70ba\u56fa\u5b9a\u6210\u8a9e\uff0c\u6bd4\u55bb\u90aa\u60e1\u4e11\u964b\u4e4b\u7269\u3002\u5728\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u5831\u300b\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u7d93\u9673\u4f2f\u9054\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u793e\u8ad6\u300a\u6a6b\u6383\u4e00\u5207\u725b\u9b3c\u86c7\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u201c\u725b\u9b3c\u86c7\u795e\u201d\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u6253\u5012\u7684\u7121\u8f9c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u7d71\u7a31\u3002
\n\u3010\u73fe\u8eab\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u5ba3\u7a31\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u80fd\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5411\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u8b1b\u8aaa\u4f5b\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u73fe\u8eab\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6307\u4ee5\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u70ba\u4f8b\u8b49\uff0c\u5c0d\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u89e3\u8aaa\u6216\u52f8\u5c0e\u3002\u73fe\u8eab\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5df2\u7d93\u7531\u986f\u73fe\u4eba\u8eab\u8b8a\u70ba\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u6b77\u3002
\n\u3010\u6296\u64fb\u3011\u5f88\u96e3\u76f8\u8c61\u8a72\u8a5e\u539f\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u982d\u9640(dhata)\u7684\u5225\u7a31\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u6296\u64fb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u50e7\u4eba\u4fee\u6301\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u82e6\u884c\u3002\u4fee\u82e6\u884c\u7684\u50e7\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u65b7\u9664\u5c0d\u98f2\u98df\u3001\u8863\u670d\u3001\u4f4f\u8655\u7b49\u8caa\u8457\u7169\u60f1\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u53bb\u6389\u8863\u670d\u4e0a\u7684\u7070\u5875\u4e00\u6a23\u3002
\n\u3010\u5fc3\u7121\u639b\u7919\u3011\u639b\u7919\u5373\u727d\u639b\u3002\u539f\u70ba\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u6307\u5167\u5fc3\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u727d\u639b\u3002\u7384\u5958\u6240\u8b6f\u7684\u300a\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u5bc6\u591a\u5fc3\u7d93\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\uff1a\u201c\u5fc3\u7121\u639b\u7919\uff1a\u7121\u639b\u7919\uff0c\u6545\u7121\u6709\u6050\u6016\uff0c\u9060\u96e2\u985b\u5012\u5922\u60f3\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u958b\u5c71\u3011\u6307\u5728\u6c92\u5edf\u7684\u5c71\u4e0a\u5efa\u5bfa\u9662,\u672c\u70ba\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e,\u5f8c\u55bb\u6307\u958b\u5275\u4e00\u7a2e\u884c\u696d\u6216\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002
\n\u3010\u7fa4\u9b54\u4e82\u821e\u3011\u64da\u8aaa\u4f5b\u7956\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u5750\u5728\u83e9\u63d0\u6a39\u4e0b\u51a5\u601d\u82e6\u7d22\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u9b54\u738b\u6ce2\u65ec\u7387\u9818\u773e\u9b54\u5343\u65b9\u767e\u8a08\u5730\u4f86\u6417\u4e82\u3001\u6414\u64fe\u3002\u4f5b\u7956\u4e0d\u70ba\u6240\u52d5\uff0c\u9b54\u738b\u53ea\u597d\u7387\u9818\u7fa4\u9b54\u9000\u53bb\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u50b3\u8aaa\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u8981\u60f3\u9054\u5230\u89ba\u609f\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u6230\u52dd\u4f86\u81ea\u5167\u5fc3\u7684\u8caa\u6b32\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u6230\u52dd\u4f86\u81ea\u5916\u754c\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8a98\u60d1\u3002
\n\u3010\u9b54\u3011\u201c\u9b54\u201d\u662f\u68b5\u8a9e\u201cMara\u201d\u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\u7c21\u7a31\u3002\u6f22\u8a9e\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u201c\u9b54\u201d\u5b57\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4f5b\u5178\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ea\u597d\u501f\u7528 \u201c\u78e8\u201d\u5b57\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u3002\u201c\u9b54\u201d\u7684\u672c\u7fa9\u662f\u64fe\u4e82\u3001\u7834\u58de\u3001\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u6307\u4e00\u5207\u7169\u60f1\u3001\u7591\u60d1\u3001\u8ff7\u6200\u7b49\u59a8\u7919\u4fee\u884c\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u7531\u201c\u9b54\u201d\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u8a5e\uff1a\u9b54\u738b\u3001\u9b54\u9b3c\u3001\u9b54\u754c\u3001\u9b54\u5bae\u3001\u9b54\u9053\u3001\u9b54\u6212\u3001\u9b54\u529b\u3001\u9b54\u638c\u3001\u9b54\u969c\u3001\u9b54\u8853\u3001\u9b54\u65b9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u6709\u98df\u54c1\u9b54\u828b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002
\n\u3010\u5927\u5fb9\u5927\u609f\u3011\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u89ba\u609f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5b8c\u5168\u8b49\u5230\u201c\u4e0d\u751f\u4e0d\u6ec5\u201d\u7684\u771f\u5982\u5be6\u76f8\uff0c\u5c6c\u65bc\u5927\u83e9\u85a9\u7684\u5883\u754c\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u9023\u6211\u5011\u51e1\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u4e86\u3002
\n\u3010\u6d77\u95ca\u5929\u7a7a\u3011\u5510\u4ee3\u5927\u6b77\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u7985\u50e7\u5143\u89bd\u5728\u7af9\u4e0a\u984c\u8a69\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u6d77\u5f9e\u9b5a\u8e8d\uff0c\u9577\u7a7a\u4efb\u9ce5\u98db\u3002\u201d\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u7985\u5b97\u81ea\u7531\u81ea\u5728\u7684\u5ee3\u95ca\u80f8\u895f\u548c\u6d3b\u6f51\u6f51\u7684\u7985\u6a5f\u3002\u5f8c\u6539\u8b8a\u70ba\u201c\u6d77\u95ca\u6191\u9b5a\u8e8d\uff0c\u5929\u7a7a\u4efb\u9ce5\u98db\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e09\u751f\u6709\u5e78\u3011\u4e09\u751f\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u6307\u524d\u751f\u3001\u4eca\u751f\u3001\u4f86\u751f\u3002\u6709\u5e78\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u6975\u5927\u7684\u5e78\u904b\u3002\u4e09\u751f\u90fd\u5f88\u5e78\u904b\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u904b\u6c23\u6a5f\u9047\u6975\u597d\u3002
\n\u3010\u5919\u7de3\u3011\u524d\u751f\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u7de3\u4efd\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4eca\u751f\u4eca\u4e16\u7684\u906d\u9047\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u524d\u751f\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u6545\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u6b32\u77e5\u524d\u751f\u56e0\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u53d7\u8005\u662f\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u524d\u56e0\u5f8c\u679c\u3011\u56e0\u662f\u80fd\u751f\uff0c\u679c\u70ba\u6240\u751f\u3002\u6709\u56e0\u5fc5\u6709\u679c\uff0c\u6709\u679c\u5fc5\u6709\u56e0\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u8b1b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u7cfb\u3002
\n\u3010\u4f5c \u7e6d\u81ea\u7e1b\u3011\u81ea\u56e0\u81ea\u679c\u3002\u82e6\u679c\u3001\u9006\u5883\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60e1\u696d\u6240\u62db\u81f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u6028\u5929\u5c24\u4eba\u3002
\n\u3010\u81ea\u4f5c\u81ea\u53d7\u3011\u81ea\u5df1\u9020\u4e0b\u7684\u696d\u56e0\uff0c\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u64d4\u5f8c\u679c\u3002
\n\u3010\u65e9\u77e5\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6094\u4e0d\u7576\u521d\u3011\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u679c\u662f\u7576\u521d\u4e4b\u56e0\u7684\u5ef6\u7e8c\u3002\u773e\u751f\u5728\u5617\u5230\u82e6\u679c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u201c\u6094\u4e0d\u7576\u521d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u83e9\u85a9\u6df1\u660e\u201c\u56e0\u679c\u201d\u4e4b\u7406\uff0c\u7d42\u7121\u61ca\u6094\u3002\u6545\u66f0\u201c\u773e\u751f\u754f\u679c\uff0c\u83e9\u85a9\u754f\u56e0\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u7a2e\u74dc\u5f97\u74dc\uff0c\u7a2e\u8c46\u5f97\u8c46\u3011\u6bd4\u55bb\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u6d85\u76e4\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u7a2e\u74dc\u5f97\u74dc\uff0c\u7a2e\u674e\u5f97\u674e\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u751f\u8001\u75c5\u6b7b\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u751f\u6240\u5fc5\u7d93\u7684\u56db\u7a2e\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\uff08\u679c\u5831\uff09\u56db\u76f8\u3002
\n\u3010\u6101\u7709\u82e6\u81c9\u3011\u201c\u6101\u7709\u201d\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e00\u7a2e\u5316\u599d\u8853\u3002\u201c\u82e6\u81c9\u201d\u6e90\u65bc\u4f5b\u6559\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u8a8d\u70ba\u4eba\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u82e6\u6d77\uff0c\u4e26\u7a31\u4eba\u7684\u81c9\u5f62\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u201c\u82e6\u201d\u5b57\uff1a\u96d9\u7709\u662f\u8349\u5b57\u982d\uff0c\u5169\u773c\u8207\u9f3b\u5b50\u5408\u6210\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u201c\u5341\u201d\u5b57\uff0c\u5634\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u201c\u53e3\u201d\uff0c\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u201c\u82e6\u201d\u5b57\u3002
\n\u3010\u7fd2\u6c23\u3011\u6307\u73fe\u884c\u7684\u7169\u60f1\u6b77\u4e45\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7a4d\u7fd2\u3002
\n\u3010\u7169\u60f1\u3011\u6307\u80fd\u64fe\u4e82\u5fc3\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7169\u60f1\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8caa\u3001\u55d4\u3001\u7661\u4e09\u6bd2\u3002
\n\u3010\u5875\u7de3\u3011\u6307\u8272\u3001\u8072\u3001\u9999\u3001\u5473\u3001\u89f8\u3001\u6cd5\u516d\u5875\u3002\u56e0\u516d\u5875\u662f\u5fc3\u7684\u6240\u7de3\uff0c\u80fd\u67d3\u6c61\u5fc3\u6027\uff0c\u6545\u7a31\u5875\u7de3\u3002
\n\u3010\u5dee\u5225\u3011\u3010\u5e73\u7b49\u3011\u5728\u4f5b\u5b78\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5169\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u201c\u5dee\u5225\u201d\u6307\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5984\u5ff5\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u6368\u96e2\u5dee\u5225\u4e4b\u898b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u958b\u609f\u5883\u754c\u3002\u5982\u773e\u751f\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6028\u89aa\u4e0d\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u7121\u5dee\u5225\u5883\u754c\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8b02\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u62ba\u715e\u73fe\u8c61\u4e0a\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5dee\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u53bb\u57f7\u8457\u9019\u7a2e\u5dee\u5225\u3002
\n\u3010\u57f7\u8457\u3011\u539f\u70ba\u4f5b\u6559\u8a9e\u3002\u6307\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u5805\u6301\u4e0d\u653e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d85\u812b\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u773e\u751f\u865b\u5984\u7684\u57f7\u8457\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684 \u201c\u6211\u57f7\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6cd5\u57f7\u201d\u3002\u201c\u6211\u57f7\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u56fa\u57f7\u5e38\u4e00\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e4b\u201c\u6211\u201d\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7a2e\u7a2e\u201c\u6211\u898b\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u6cd5\u57f7\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u56fa\u57f7\u5916\u5883\u5be6\u6709\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7a2e\u7a2e\u865b\u5984\u5206\u5225\u7684\u201c\u6cd5\u898b\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u5fc3\u733f\u610f\u99ac\u3011\u6307\u8e81\u52d5\u6563\u4e82\u4e4b\u5fc3\u5982\u733f\u7334\u6500\u63f4\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c08\u6ce8\u4e00\u5883\uff1b\u610f\u5247\u7336\u5982\u5954\u99ac\uff0c\u8ffd\u9010\u5916\u7269\u3002\u5fc3\u733f\u610f\u99ac\u4e4b\u5fc3\u4e43\u662f\u5984\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f5b\u5bb6\u628a\u5fc3\u733f\u610f\u99ac\u8996\u70ba\u4fee\u9053\u7684\u969c\u7919\u3002
\n\u3010\u7661\u5fc3\u5984\u60f3\u3011\u6307\u611a\u8822\u8352\u5510\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u5fc3\u601d\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u7661\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u53c8\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u7121\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u8caa\u3001\u55d4\u3001\u7661\u4e09\u6bd2\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u7169\u60f1\u4e4b\u6e90\u3002\u4e0d\u660e\u662f\u975e\u5584\u60e1\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u53eb\u4f5c\u201c\u7661\u5fc3\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u5bb6\u8cca\u96e3\u9632\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u4ee5\u8272\u8072\u9999\u7b49\u516d\u5875\u70ba\u5916\u516d\u8cca\uff0c\u4ee5\u773c\u8033\u9f3b\u820c\u7b49\u516d\u6839\u70ba\u5167\u516d\u8cca\u3002\u5bb6\u8cca\u5373\u5167\u8cca\u3002
\n\u3010\u76f2\u4eba\u6478\u8c61\u3011\u70ba\u300a\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93\u300b\u5377\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u6240\u8f09\u7684\u4e00\u5247\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6bd4\u55bb\u5c0d\u4e8b\u7269\u53ea\u6709\u7247\u9762\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u5984\u4e0b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002
\n\u3010\u93e1\u82b1\u6c34\u6708\u3011\u93e1\u4e2d\u82b1\u3001\u6c34\u4e2d\u6708\uff0c\u5e38\u7528\u4f86\u6bd4\u55bb\u865b\u7121\u7f25\u7f08\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u300a\u666f\u5fb7\u50b3\u71c8\u9304\u300b\u5377\u5341\u56db\u8f09\uff1a\u201c\u4e09\u754c\u516d\u9053\uff0c\u552f\u81ea\u5fc3\u73fe\u3002\u6c34\u6708\u93e1\u50cf\uff0c\u8c48\u6709\u751f\u6ec5\uff1f\u201d
\n\u3010\u6c34\u4e2d\u6488\u6708\u3011\u6e90\u51fa\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5bd3\u8a00\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u64da\u300a\u6469\u8bc3\u50e7\u7957\u5f8b\u300b\u8a18\u8f09\uff1a\u201c\u6614\u6709\u4e94\u767e\u7315\u7334\uff0c\u6e38\u884c\u6797\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ff1\u81f3\u5927\u6a39\u4e0b\u3002\u6a39\u4e0b\u6709\u4e95\uff0c\u4e95\u4e2d\u6709\u6708\u5f71\u73fe\u3002\u6642\u7315\u7334\u4e3b\u898b\u662f\u6708\u5f71\uff0c\u8a9e\u8af8\u4f34\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u6708\u4eca\u65e5\u6b7b,\u843d\u65bc\u4e95\u4e2d,\u7576\u5171\u51fa\u4e4b,\u83ab\u4ee4\u4e16\u9593\u9577\u591c\u6697\u51a5\u2019\u3002\u5171\u4f5c\u8b70\u8a00\uff1a\u2018\u96f2\u4f55\u80fd\u51fa\uff1f\u2019\u6642\u7315\u7334\u4e3b\u8a00\uff1a\u2018\u6211\u77e5\u51fa\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u6349\u6a39\u679d\uff0c\u6c5d\u6349\u6211\u5c3e\u3002\u5c55\u8f49\u76f8\u9023\uff0c\u4e43\u53ef\u51fa\u4e4b\u3002\u2019\u6642\u8af8\u7315\u7334\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u4e3b\u8a9e\uff0c\u5c55\u8f49\u76f8\u6349\u3002\u6a39\u5f31\u679d\u6298\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7315\u7334\u58ae\u4e95\u6c34\u4e2d\u3002\u201d\u4f5b\u9640\u4ee5\u6b64\u6545\u4e8b\u8af7\u55bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u662f\uff0c\u5206\u4e0d\u6e05\u662f\u975e\u865b\u5be6\uff0c\u5bb3\u5df1\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u5916\u9053\u90aa\u5e2b\u3002
\n\u3010\u611b\u6cb3\u3011\u611b\u6b32\u6d78\u67d3\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u6eba\u6c92\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u62d4\uff0c\u6545\u55bb\u70ba\u611b\u6cb3\u3002\u8607\u8f7c\u6709\u8a69\u96f2\uff1a\u201c\u6b32\u5e73\u82e6\u6d77\u6d6a\uff0c\u5148\u5e72\u611b\u6cb3\u6c34\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u6b32\u706b\u3011\u5f62\u5bb9\u60c5\u6b32\u71be\u76db\u5982\u706b\u3002\u300a\u695e\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\u5377\u516b\u8a73\u660e\u5176\u696d\u56e0\u3001\u696d\u76f8\u3001\u696d\u679c\u7686\u5982\u731b\u706b\u3002
\n\u3010\u5a46\u5fc3\u3011\u5373\u201c\u8001\u5a46\u5fc3\u201d\u4e4b\u7565\uff0c\u6e90\u51fa\u7985\u9580\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7985\u5e2b\u8aa8\u4eba\u4e0d\u5026\uff0c\u7d6e\u7d6e\u53e8\u53e8\uff0c\u7336\u5982\u8001\u5a46\u5b50\u9952\u820c\uff0c\u53e2\u6797\u4e2d\u7a31\u70ba\u201c\u8001\u5a46\u5fc3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8001\u5a46\u7985\u201d\u3002\u4eca\u6f14\u70ba\u201c\u82e6\u53e3\u5a46\u5fc3\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u89e3\u812b\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u6307\u812b\u96e2\u5984\u60f3\u7169\u60f1\u7684\u675f\u7e1b\uff0c\u812b\u96e2\u751f\u6b7b\u8f2a\u56de\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u81ea\u5728\u7121\u7919\u3002
\n\u3010\u5225\u5177\u53ea\u773c\u3011\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u756a\u7368\u7279\u7684\u773c\u529b\u8207\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u3002\u201c\u53ea\u773c\u201d\uff0c\u6167\u773c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u53ea\u773c\uff0c\u5929\u773c\uff0c\u9802\u9580\u5177\u773c\u4e5f\u3002
\n\u3010\u5fc3\u82b1\u6012\u653e\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u4ee5\u6e05\u6de8\u7684\u672c\u5fc3\u8b6c\u70ba\u84ee\u82b1\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u5875\u4e0d\u67d3\u3011\u8272\u8072\u9999\u5473\u89f8\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u773c\u8033\u9f3b\u820c\u8eab\u610f\u6240\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u516d\u7a2e\u5883\u754c\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u67d3\u6c61\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u8b58\uff0c\u6545\u7a31\u516d\u5875\u3002\u4e0d\u88ab\u516d\u5875\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u7a2e\u6240\u67d3\u6c61\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u5875\u4e0d\u67d3\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u7d72\u4e0d\u639b\u3011\u539f\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u4f86\u6bd4\u55bb\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7d72\u727d\u639b\u3002\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u695e\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u7d72\u4e0d\u639b\uff0c\u7aff\u6728\u96a8\u8eab\u3002\u201d\u73fe\u5728\u6307\u4eba\u88f8\u9ad4\uff08\u672c\u4eba\u5728 Google\u4e0a\u6aa2\u7d22\uff0c\u7adf\u767c\u73fe\u8a72\u8a5e\u5df2\u88ab\u7be9\u9078\u6389\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u7d72\u4e0d\u639b\u201d\u4e5f\uff01\uff09\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u5200\u5169\u65b7\u3011\u8a9e\u672c\u300a\u4e94\u71c8\u6703\u5143\u300b\u5377\u5341\u4e8c\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u5200\u5169\u65b7\uff0c\u672a\u7a31\u5b97\u5e2b\u3002\u201d\u610f\u8b02\u96d6\u80fd\u5e72\u6de8\u5229\u843d\u5730\u5224\u65b7\u662f\u975e\u90aa\u6b63\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u80fd\u5713\u878d\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u548c\u5149\u540c\u5875\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u4e0d\u4e0a\u201c\u5b97\u5e2b\u201d\u3002\u73fe\u6bd4\u55bb\u5e72\u6de8\u5229\u843d\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u5ec2\u60c5\u9858\u3011\u6e90\u81ea\u4f5b\u6559 \u300a\u767e\u55bb\u7d93\u300b\u3002\u8aaa\u4e00\u500b\u611a\u4eba\u5230\u90fd\u57ce\u88e1\u6e38\u73a9\uff0c\u611b\u4e0a\u516c\u4e3b\uff0c\u76f8\u601d\u6210\u75be\uff0c\u5e7e\u81f3\u547d\u5371\u3002\u73fe\u6307\u55ae\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u9858\u671b\u548c\u8a08\u5283\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u3011\u8b02\u7834\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u5875\u7de3\u3002\u660e\u4ee3\u56db\u5927\u9ad8\u50e7\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u88be\u5b8f\uff08\u84ee\u6c60\u5927\u5e2b\uff09\u5beb\u4e86\u4e03\u9996\u300a\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u6b4c\u8a23\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u4e94\u8272\u91d1\u7ae0\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9b5a\u6c34\u592b\u59bb\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u201d\uff0c\u5408\u7a31\u201c\u4e03\u7b46\u52fe\u201d\u3002\u52fe\u662f\u5857\u53bb\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u201c\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u201d\u5373\u201c\u4e00\u7b46\u52fe\u6d88\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u5473\u540c\u56bc\u881f\u3011\u6307\u4fee\u884c\u4eba\u6e05\u5fc3\u5be1\u6b32\uff0c\u6de1\u65bc\u4e16\u5473\u3002\u8a9e\u51fa\u300a\u695e\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u7121\u6b32\u5fc3\uff0c\u61c9\u6c5d\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u65bc\u6a6b\u9673\u6642\uff0c\u5473\u540c\u56bc\u881f\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u5272\u611b\u3011\u611b\u662f\u8caa\u6b32\u7684\u5225\u540d\uff0c\u4f4d\u5217\u4e09\u6bd2\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u6709\u611b\u4fbf\u6709\u55d4\uff0c\u611b\u55d4\u76f8\u6fc0\uff0c\u589e\u9577\u60d1\u4e82\u3002\u800c\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u611b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u865b\u5984\u3001\u4e0d\u6de8\u3001\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u8caa\u611b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u65b7\u611b\u3001\u96e2\u611b\u3001\u5272\u611b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u89ba\u609f\u3002
\n\u3010\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\u3011\u4f5b\u7d93\u4e2d\u4ee5\u72af\u5984\u8a9e\u8005\u70ba\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e94\u6212\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5984\u8a9e\u3002
\n\u3010\u81ed\u76ae\u56ca\u3011\u76ae\u9769\u5236\u6210\u7684\u888b\u5b50\uff0c\u6bd4\u55bb\u4eba\u8eab\u3002\u201c\u81ed\u76ae\u56ca\u201d\u9019\u53e5\u4fd7\u8a9e\u6e90\u65bc\u300a\u56db\u5341\u4e8c\u7ae0\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u795e\u737b\u7389\u5973\u65bc\u4f5b\uff0c\u6b32\u4ee5\u8a66\u4f5b\u610f\u3001\u89c0\u4f5b\u9053\u3002\u4f5b\u8a00\uff1a\u9769\u56ca\u773e\u7a62\uff0c\u723e\u4f86\u4f55\u70ba\uff01\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bf3\u4fd7\uff0c\u96e3\u52d5\u516d\u901a\u3002\u53bb\uff0c\u543e\u4e0d\u7528\u723e\u3002\u5929\u795e\u6108\u656c\u4f5b\uff0c\u56e0\u554f\u9053\u610f\u3002\u4f5b\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5373\u5f97\u9808\u9640\u6d39\uff08\u5c0f\u4e58\u521d\u679c\uff09\u3002\u201d\u4f5b\u628a\u5929\u4ed9\u7f8e\u5973\u8996\u70ba\u76db\u6eff\u6c61\u7a62\u4e4b\u7269\u7684\u76ae\u888b\u5b50\uff0c\u9019\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u4e0d\u6de8\u89c0\u201d\uff0c\u5c08\u7528\u4ee5\u7834\u9664\u6deb\u6b32\u3002
\n\u3010\u5922\u5e7b\u6ce1\u5f71\u3011\u6bd4\u55bb\u4eba\u751f\u7121\u5e38\uff0c\u4e16\u4e8b\u865b\u5e7b\u3002\u300a\u91d1\u525b\u7d93\u300b\u201c\u516d\u5982\u5048\u201d\u96f2\uff1a \u201c\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u70ba\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u5922\u3001\u5e7b\u3001\u6ce1\u3001\u5f71\u3002\u5982\u9732\u4ea6\u5982\u96fb\uff0c\u61c9\u4f5c\u5982\u662f\u89c0\uff01\u201d\u5510\u4f2f\u864e\u56e0\u4ee5\u70ba\u865f\u201c\u516d\u5982\u5c45\u58eb\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e16\u754c\u3011\u6307\u6709\u60c5\u773e\u751f\u6240\u4f4f\u7684\u570b\u571f\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u300a\u695e\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\u96f2\uff1a\u201c\u4f55\u540d\u70ba\u773e\u751f\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u4e16\u70ba\u9077\u6d41\uff0c\u754c\u70ba\u65b9\u4f4d\uff0c\u6c5d\u4eca\u7576\u77e5\u6771\u3001\u897f\u3001\u5357\u3001\u5317\u3001\u6771\u5357\u3001\u6771\u5317\u3001\u897f\u5357\u3001\u897f\u5317\u3001\u4e0a\u4e0b\u70ba\u754c\uff0c\u904e\u53bb\u3001\u672a\u4f86\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u70ba\u4e16\u3002\u201d\u4f5b\u5bb6\u8a9e\u4e2d\u201c\u4e16\u201d\u5373\u662f\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u201c\u754c\u201d\u662f\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u500b\u5b8f\u89c0\u5b87\u5b99\u3002\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u6210\u70ba\u5e38\u7528\u8a9e\u5f8c\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7e3d\u548c\u3002
\n\u3010\u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\u3011\u4f5b\u5bb6\u8b02\u96c6\u4e00\u5343\u5c0f\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e0a\u8986\u4ee5\u4e09\u7985\u4e09\u5929\uff0c\u70ba\u4e00\u4e2d\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u96c6\u4e00\u5343\u4e2d\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u70ba\u4e00\u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e2d\u9593\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u5343\u7684\u500d\u6578\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u70ba\u4e09\u5343\u5927\u5343\u4e16\u754c\u3002
\n\u3010\u6d69\u52ab\u3011\u201c\u52ab\u201d\u662f\u68b5\u8a9e\u201c\u52ab\u6ce2\u201d\uff08Kalpa)\u7684\u97f3\u7565\u3002\u52ab\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u5e74\u6578\u4f86\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u7528\u4e00\u4ef6\u8f15\u8edf\u7684\u5929\u8863\uff0c\u6bcf\u9694\u4e09\u5e74\u53bb\u62c2\u8a66\u4e00\u6b21\u65b9\u5ee3\u6578\u5341\u88e1\u7684\u78d0\u77f3\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6b64\u77f3\u92b7\u78e8\u76e1\uff0c\u8b02\u4e00\u5c0f\u52ab\u3002\u800c\u201c\u516b\u5341\u5c0f\u52ab\uff0c\u540d\u4e00\u5927\u52ab\u201d\u3002\u4f5b\u7d93\u4e2d\u53c8\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u5927\u52ab\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e16\u9593\u201c\u6210\u3001\u4f4f\u3001\u58de\u3001\u7a7a\u201d\u56db\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u201c\u52ab\u201d\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6982\u5ff5\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u7533\u5230\u7a7a\u9593\u8303\u7587\u3002\u6545\u800c\u201c\u6d69\u52ab\u201d\u3001\u201c\u52ab\u96e3\u201d\u90fd\u662f\u517c\u6709\u6642\u7a7a\u96d9\u91cd\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e00\u5f48\u6307\u3011\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u5f62\u5bb9\u6642\u5149\u77ed\u66ab\u5e38\u7528\u201c\u5f48\u6307\u4e00\u63ee\u9593\u201d\u9019\u500b\u6bd4\u55bb\u3002\u201c\u5f48\u6307\u201d\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u9593\u91cf\u8a5e\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u68b5\u8a9e\u3002\u300a\u50e7\u53ea\u5f8b\u300b\u4e0a\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u4e8c\u5341\u5ff5\u70ba\u4e00\u77ac\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u77ac\u540d\u4e00\u5f48\u6307\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5f48\u6307\u540d\u4e00\u7f85\u9810\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u7f85\u9810\u540d\u4e00\u9808\u81fe\uff0c\u4e00\u65e5\u4e00\u591c\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u9808\u81fe\u3002\u201d\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u201c\u5f48\u6307\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u637b\u5f48\u624b\u6307\u505a\u8072\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5b83\u539f\u672c\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u98a8\u4fd7\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u6b61\u559c\u3001\u8d0a\u6b4e\u3001\u8b66\u544a\u3001\u8a31\u8afe\u3001\u89ba\u609f\u3001\u53ec\u559a\u3001\u656c\u79ae\u3001\u8a5b\u5492\u7b49\u3002
\n\u3010\u7576\u4e0b\u3011 \u672c\u4f5b\u6559\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u4eba\u80fd\u6d3b\u8457\u548c\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u4e0b\u3002\u7576\u4e0b\u5c31\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u9019\u4e00\u523b\u3002
\n\u3010\u5b89\u5fc3\u3011\u4f86\u81ea\u7985\u5b97\u7684\u4e00\u5247\u8457\u540d\u516c\u6848\u3002\u64da\u300a\u4e94\u71c8\u6703\u5143\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u8f09\uff0c\u7985\u5b97\u4e8c\u7956\u6167\u53ef\u66fe\u5411\u521d\u7956\u9054\u6469\u4e5e\u8207\u5b89\u5fc3\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u8af8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5370\uff0c\u53ef\u5f97\u805e\u4e4e\uff1f\u201d\u9054\u6469\u96f2\uff1a\u201c\u8af8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5370\uff0c\u532a\u5f9e\u4eba\u5f97\u3002\u201d\u6167\u53ef\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u5fc3\u672a\u5be7\uff0c\u4e5e\u5e2b\u8207\u5b89\u3002\u201d\u9054\u6469\u96f2\uff1a\u201c\u5c07\u5fc3\u4f86\u8207\u6c5d\u5b89\u3002\u201d\u6167\u53ef\u904d\u5c0b\u4e0d\u898b\u5fc3\uff0c\u4fbf\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u8993\u5fc3\u4e86\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f97\u3002\u201d\u9054\u6469\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8207\u6c5d\u5b89\u5fc3\u7adf\u3002\u201d \u6167\u53ef\u5927\u609f\u3002
\n\u3010\u838a\u56b4\u3011\u6307\u4f5b\u50cf\u3001\u6cd5\u5e2b\u7684\u795e\u614b\u7aef\u838a\u8085\u7a46\u3002
\n\u3010\u6668\u9418\u66ae\u9f13\u3011\u70ba\u8209\u884c\u6cd5\u4e8b\u6642\u96c6\u773e\u800c\u7528\u7684\u6cd5\u5668\u3002\u5510\u5b8b\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u570b\u5404\u5927\u5bfa\u9662\u591a\u5728\u4f5b\u6bbf\u5169\u5074\u5efa\u9418\u9f13\u6a13\u4ee5\u70ba\u61f8\u639b\u9418\u9f13\u4e4b\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u6668\u660f\u649e\u9418\u64ca\u9f13\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5b\u5bfa\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u50b3\u7d71\u3002
\n\u3010\u4e94\u9ad4\u6295\u5730\u3011\u7528\u5de6\u53f3\u819d\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u8098\u3001\u982d\u9802\u7b49\u4e94\u500b\u90e8\u4f4d\u8457\u5730\u884c\u79ae\uff0c\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u88e1\u6700\u70ba\u656c\u91cd\u7684\u79ae\u7bc0\u3002
\n\u3010\u5341\u5b57\u8857\u982d\u3011\u898b\u65bc\u300a\u4e94\u71c8\u6703\u5143\u300b\u5377\u5341\u4e5d\uff1a\u201c\u5927\u773e\u9808\u77e5\uff0c\u609f\u4e86\u9047\u4eba\u8005\uff0c\u5411\u5341\u5b57\u8857\u982d\u8207\u4eba\u76f8\u9022\uff0c\u537b\u5728\u5343\u5cf0\u9802\u4e0a\u63e1\u624b\uff1b\u5411\u5343\u5cf0\u9802\u4e0a\u76f8\u9022\uff0c\u537b\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u8857\u982d\u63e1\u624b\u3002\u201d\u201c\u5341\u5b57\u8857\u982d\u201d\u6307\u4e16\u9593\u3001\u4e8b\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u8207\u201c\u5343\u5cf0\u9802\u4e0a\u201d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u51fa\u4e16\u9593\u3001\u7406\u9ad4\u7b49\u76f8\u5c0d\u800c\u8a00\u3002
\n\u3010\u7070\u982d\u571f\u9762\u3011\u7336\u8a00\u84ec\u982d\u57a2\u9762\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u9aaf\u9ad2\u76f8\u3002\u4e5f\u4f5c\u201c\u7070\u982d\u571f\u81c9\u201d\u3002\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4fee\u884c\u6210\u5c31\u5f8c\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u767c\u5927\u60b2\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5875\u4e16\u4e2d\u53bb\u6551\u5ea6\u773e\u751f\u3002\u7070\u982d\u571f\u9762\u5373\u6307\u61c9\u773e\u751f\u7de3\u800c\u5316\u73fe\u7684\u51e1\u592b\u5f62\u8c61\u3002
\n\u3010\u52c7\u731b\u7cbe\u9032\u3011\u5f88\u96e3\u60f3\u8c61\u9019\u500b\u7a4d\u6975\u5165\u4e16\u7684\u8a5e\u51fa\u81ea\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u539f\u6307\u596e\u52c9\u4fee\u884c\u4f5b\u6cd5\u3002\u300a\u7121\u91cf\u58fd\u7d93\u300b\u5377\u4e0a\u96f2\uff1a\u201c\u52c7\u731b\u7cbe\u9032\uff0c\u5fd7\u9858\u7121\u5026\u3002\u201d \u73fe\u5728\u6307\u523b\u82e6\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u9032\u6b65\u3002
\n\u3010\u89ba\u609f\u3011\u201c\u89ba\u201d\uff0c\u68b5\u8a9e\u70babodhi,\u9e20\u6469\u7f85\u4ec0\u8b6f\u4f5c\u201c\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u7384\u5958\u8b6f\u4f5c\u201c\u89ba\u201d\u3002\u4f5b\u5bb6\u4ee5\u958b\u609f\u667a\u6167\u6703\u5f97\u771f\u7406\u70ba\u201c\u89ba\u609f’\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6307\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u6c34\u5e73\u3002
\n\u3010\u81ea\u89ba\u3011\u4f5b\u5178\u4e2d\u4f9d\u89ba\u7684\u8303\u570d\u548c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u800c\u7acb\u201c\u4e09\u89ba\u201d\uff1a\u81ea\u89ba\uff0c\u89ba\u4ed6\uff0c\u89ba\u884c\u5713\u6eff\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u89ba\u201d\u7570\u51e1\u592b\uff0c\u51e1\u592b\u8ff7\u6c89\uff0c\u5168\u4e0d\u81ea\u89ba\u3002\u4eca\u4ee5\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6240\u8a8d\u8b58\u800c\u89ba\u609f\u70ba\u201c\u81ea\u89ba\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u767e\u5c3a\u7aff\u982d\uff0c\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u3011\u8a9e\u672c\u300a\u666f\u5fb7\u50b3\u71c8\u9304\u300b:\u201c\u767e\u5c3a\u7aff\u982d\u4e0d\u52d5\u4eba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5f97\u5165\u672a\u70ba\u771f\uff1b\u767e\u5c3a\u7aff\u982d\u9808\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u5341\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u5168\u8eab\u3002\u201d
\n\u3010\u5c0e\u5e2b\u3011\u5f15\u8def\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4f5b\u70ba\u773e\u751f\u6307\u9ede\u8ff7\u6d25\uff0c\u6307\u793a\u901a\u5411\u201c\u5f7c\u5cb8\u201d\u7684\u6b63\u9053\uff0c\u6545\u7a31\u201c\u5927\u5c0e\u5e2b\u201d\u3002
\n\u3010\u6b63\u5b97\u3011\u4f5b\u6559\u7985\u5b97\u7a31\u521d\u7956\u9054\u6469\u6240\u50b3\u7684\u5ae1\u7cfb\u5b78\u6d3e\u70ba\u6b63\u5b97\u3002\u5b97\uff0c\u5373\u7985\u5b97\u3002\u7985\u5b97\u81ea\u7a31\u201c\u5b97\u9580\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5b97\u4e0b\u201d\uff0c\u7a31\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5b\u6559\u6d41\u6d3e\u70ba\u201c\u6559\u201d\u3002\u5f8c\u6cdb\u6307\u5b78\u696d\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5ae1\u50b3\u6b63\u6d3e\u3002
\n\u3010\u6619\u82b1\u4e00\u73fe\u3011\u4f5b\u7d93\u4e2d\u7528\u4f86\u6bd4\u55bb\u4f5b\u6cd5\u96e3\u805e\u3002
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\n

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The Eighth Day of the Fourth Month \u56db\u6708\u521d\u516b is celebrated as the Buddha’s Birthday. Falling on the 3rd of May 2017 the festivities are sandwiched between China’s 1st of May International Labor Day \u570b\u969b\u52de\u52d5\u7bc0, a public holiday that lasts until the 2nd of May and marked by a long weekend, and Youth Festival \u9752\u5e74\u7bc0 on […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[12,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essays","category-journal"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9gcZ6-1J2","post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6636"}],"version-history":[{"count":73,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24573,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6636\/revisions\/24573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}