{"id":5974,"date":"2017-04-04T15:26:47","date_gmt":"2017-04-04T05:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/?p=5974"},"modified":"2018-05-18T05:40:01","modified_gmt":"2018-05-17T19:40:01","slug":"in-the-shade-%e5%ba%87%e8%94%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/journal\/in-the-shade-%e5%ba%87%e8%94%ad\/","title":{"rendered":"In the Shade \u5e87\u852d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Fourth of April 2017 marks the day for\u00a0\u2018sweeping the tombs\u2019\u00a0\u6383\u5893, a festival on which respect is paid to loved ones and forebears. Known since ancient times as Qingming \u6e05\u660e, &#8216;Clear and Bright&#8217;, it is the\u00a0Eighth Day of the Third Month (depending on the year, this can be the 4th, 5th or 6th of April according to the Gregorian\u00a0Calendar). Qingming comes less than a week after the Third Day of the Third Month \u4e0a\u5df2\u7bc0, a time of ritual purification and seasonal celebration discussed in <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/journal\/spring-lustration-\u8129\u798a-a-pavilion-a-calligrapher-and-eternity\/\">Spring Lustration<\/a>.\u00a0Visiting ancestral\u00a0graves was an occasion both to give thanks\u00a0and to take delight in\u00a0the season, for that reason it is also known as\u00a0the time of\u00a0Spring Excursions \u6625\u904a\u8e0f\u9752 (also \u8e0f\u6625).<\/p>\n<p>Here we mark the first Qingming Festival since the launch of <em>China Heritage\u00a0<\/em>by\u00a0remembering some of our own <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/our-ancestors\/\">Ancestors \u5148\u54f2\u5e87\u852d<\/a>. They are\u00a0scholars and friends whose work, teaching and guidance nurtured the minds and the hearts of their students. Their influence, or protecting shade \u5e87\u852d, now contributes to the evolution of\u00a0<em>China Heritage<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>On this occasion, we remember with links to memoirs, eulogies and essays:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaheritagequarterly.org\/features.php?searchterm=019_vale_hawkes.inc&amp;issue=019\">David Hawkes: an obituary by\u00a0John Minford<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaheritagequarterly.org\/features.php?searchterm=019_vale_liu.inc&amp;issue=019\">Liu Ts&#8217;un-yan \u67f3\u5b58\u4ec1: eulogies by Pierre Ryckmans and John Minford<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaheritagequarterly.org\/features.php?searchterm=019_vale_morrison.inc&amp;issue=019\">Alistair Morrison: <em>in\u00a0memoriam<\/em> by Claire Roberts<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/journal\/an-educated-man-is-not-a-pot-\u541b\u5b50\u4e0d\u5668\/\">Pierre Ryckmans (Simon Leys): an essay by Geremie R. Barm\u00e9<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinaheritagequarterly.org\/editorial.php?issue=025\">Yang Hsien-yi \u694a\u61b2\u76ca, Gladys Yang and The Layabouts Lodge \u4e8c\u6d41\u5802<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Foreword.pdf\">Yang Tsung-han \u694a\u5b97\u7ff0: An Imperfect Understanding\u00a0by Liu Ts&#8217;un-yan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thechinastory.org\/2015\/06\/in-memoriam-anthony-yu\">Anthony C. Yu \u4f59\u570b\u8543: <em>in memoriam<\/em> by John Minford<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>On a personal note, apart from my immediate teachers and members of The Layabouts Lodge \u4e8c\u6d41\u5802, I also remember here friends in Hong Kong and Beijing who guided my fifteen-year career as a Chinese writer. They are: Yeung Lai-kwan \u694a\u8389\u541b, Luo Fu \u7f85\u6d6e, Pan Jijiong \u6f58\u969b\u8fe5 and Fan Yong\u00a0\u8303\u7528. (They feature, along with others who are still with us, like Ng Sing-fun \u5433\u627f\u6b61 and Lee Yee \u674e\u6021, in the introduction to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Artistic-Exile-Life-Zikai-1898-1975\/dp\/0520208323\"><em>An Artistic Exile<\/em><\/a>, 2002.) I am also always grateful to the activist historian <a href=\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marilyn_B._Young\">Marilyn B. Young<\/a> who passed away this year. It was during a three-month visiting professorship in history at New York University in 1996 on Marilyn&#8217;s invitation that I met the photographer Lois Conner, with whom I have worked ever since.<\/p>\n<p>On this 2017 Qingming we recall too the life and work of <a href=\"http:\/\/xichuanpoetry.com\/?p=3660\">Burton Watson<\/a>, a translator of Chinese and Japanese prose and poetry whose vast achievement has contributed over many decades to our understanding\u00a0and to our reading pleasure. This great translator passed away in Japan on 1 April 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014\u00a0Geremie R. Barm\u00e9, Editor,\u00a0<i>China Heritage<\/i><br \/>\nEighth Day of the Third Month of the<br \/>\nDingyou Year of the Rooster 2017<br \/>\n\u4e01\u9149\u96de\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u521d\u516b\u6e05\u660e\u7bc0<br \/>\n4 April 2017<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">This is the latest in a series of <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/new-sinology-jottings\/\">New Sinology Jottings \u5f8c\u6f22\u5b78\u5284\u8a18<\/a>. For more in this series, see <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/new-sinology-jottings\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Ancestor of the Myriad Things<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u4f3c\u842c\u7269\u4e4b\u5b97<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col wpe-col-12-12\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col-1\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Tao is Empty.<br \/>\nBut in Practice<br \/>\nNever needs to be filled.<br \/>\nThe Tao is Fathomless,<br \/>\nLike the Ancestor of the Myriad Things.<br \/>\nSmooth the Edges,<br \/>\nLoosen the Tangles,<br \/>\nSoften the Light,<br \/>\nMerge with the Dust.<br \/>\nThe Tao is crystalline and still,<br \/>\nIt seems to have been here for ever.<br \/>\nI know not whose Child it is,<br \/>\nIt seems to have been<br \/>\nBefore the Emperors of Old.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u00a0<em>&#8216;Empty&#8217;, Chapter Four\u00a0of\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\nThe Tao and the Power<em>,\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\n<em>from\u00a0a new\u00a0translation of the classic\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\nDaodejing\u00a0\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93<em>\u00a0by John Minford.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[The calligraphy is in the hand of Zhao Mengfu \u8d99\u5b5f\u982b of the Yuan dynasty]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpe-col-2\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6008 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u8d99\u5b5f\u982b\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0.png\" width=\"169\" height=\"761\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5980\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5980\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5980\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_2288-456x1024.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"898\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_2288-456x1024.jpg 456w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_2288-134x300.jpg 134w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_2288-768x1724.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_2288.jpg 1559w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5980\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Calligraphy written for the Yan Family Temple by Yan Zhenqing \u984f\u771f\u537f (709-785CE). From the 2017 <i>Forbidden City Calendar<\/i> \u6545\u5bae\u65e5\u66c6.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/journal\/the-dragon-raises-its-head-\u9f8d\u62ac\u982d\/\">The Dragon Raises its Head<\/a>, published on the Second Day of the Second Month of this Year of the Rooster, we quoted the singer-songwriter Hou Dejian&#8217;s \u4faf\u5fb7\u5065 famous &#8216;anthem&#8217;, &#8216;Heirs of the Dragon&#8217; \u9f8d\u7684\u50b3\u4eba, a mournful song that speaks about the long shadow cast \u00a0over the present by a totemic creature.<\/p>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>As the lyrics of the song read:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">In the ancient East there is a dragon;<br \/>\nChina is its name.<br \/>\nIn the ancient East there lives a people,<br \/>\nThe dragon\u2019s heirs every one.<br \/>\nUnder the mighty claws of this might dragon I grew up<br \/>\nAnd its heir I have become.<br \/>\nLike it or not \u2014<br \/>\nOnce and forever, an heir of the dragon.<\/p>\n<p>The Yellow Emperor \u9ec3\u5e1d is of equally venerable ancestry and influence in the Chinese world. A mythological figure, in modern times the Yellow Emperor was evoked for political, and nationalist, needs in the years leading up to and at the time of the founding of China&#8217;s first modern state, the Republic of China.<\/p>\n<p>In the late-nineteenth century race and nation, and the concept of nation-states, had a profound influence on how different peoples imagined their own heritage as well as\u00a0their political practices. In China, the influence of modern racial theory and ideas filtered through Japan as well as from Western sources; patriots found in the Yellow Emperor a worthy ancestor the reconceptualisation of the\u00a0Chinese nation. As the Qing dynasty, a ruling house founded by invaders from the north-east, foundered, patriots tethered their belief in a unique\u00a0and ancient civilisation to the figure of Yellow Emperor.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/annual\/2017\/about-annual\/\"><em>China\u00a0Heritage Annual 2017<\/em><\/a> we discuss the founding of the new Republic in early 1912 when the nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen led a thanksgiving at the tomb of the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, the last &#8216;native&#8217; Chinese ruling house established\u00a0in Nanking in 1368 (see <a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/annual\/2017\/republic\/tombs-and-palaces\/light-returns\/\">Light Returns \u5149\u5fa9<\/a>). Sun Yat-sen not only propitiated the spirit of the Ming Founder, he also sent a delegation far west, to Qiaoshan \u6a4b\u5c71\u00a0in rural Shaanxi province. There an\u00a0encomium he\u00a0had composed was read out with much solemnity at the Tomb of the Yellow Emperor, who is also known by the personal\u00a0name Xuanyuan \u8ed2\u8f45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"para\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col wpe-col-13-23\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col-1\">\n<div class=\"para\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u4e2d\u83ef\u958b\u570b\u4e94\u5343\u5e74\uff0c<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u795e\u5dde\u8ed2\u8f45\u81ea\u53e4\u50b3\u3002<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u5275\u9020\u6307\u5357\u8eca\uff0c\u5e73\u5b9a\u86a9\u5c24\u4e82\u3002<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u60df\u6709\u6211\u5148\u3002<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpe-col-2\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">China&#8217;s five thousand years, Xuanyuan of the Spiritual Land<br \/>\ntransmitted through the ages<br \/>\nCreating the North-pointing Cart and<br \/>\nQuelling the disturbance of Chi You<br \/>\nWorld Civilisation, started with us.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>On Qingming eighty years ago, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, who was vying with this Nationalist rival, Chiang Kai-shek, for stewardship over China, sent a delegation to the Tomb of the Yellow Emperor. It was not far from the wartime Communist base of Yan&#8217;an, and at the time propitiating national icons, and claiming them for the Communist cause, was part of the Party&#8217;s evolving policy on creating a United Front, aimed at\u00a0forging the broadest possible coalition of patriotic forces.<\/p>\n<p>For his part, Chiang also paid homage to the national ancestor and both delegations read out\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.sina.com.cn\/s\/blog_7d1bad4a0102vo31.html\">liturgical texts<\/a> written for then occasion. Neither was as succinct as that of Sun Yat-sen, and while that of the Nationalists was more formulaic, making much of the Yellow Emperor&#8217;s contribution to civilisation and the &#8216;Chinese Race&#8217;, Mao&#8217;s text extolled unity in the face of the Japanese invaders.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6079\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6079\" style=\"width: 441px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6079\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u4e30\u5b50\u607a\u6e05\u660e\u8282.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"441\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u4e30\u5b50\u607a\u6e05\u660e\u8282.jpeg 441w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u4e30\u5b50\u607a\u6e05\u660e\u8282-233x300.jpeg 233w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6079\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cut Plum Blossoms: &#8216;It is Qingming\u00a0and\u00a0our politics are Clear and Bright&#8217;. An ill-timed painting by Feng Zikai, 1958.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Following 1949, the Yellow Emperor, as well as the Qingming Festival, were all but ignored by the revolutionary priorities of the Chinese party-state. It is only since the 1980s that the Yellow Emperor has again been a feature of the Communist Party&#8217;s United Front work with overseas Chinese and\u00a0 Taiwan. On the day of Qingming ponderous celebrations of racial unity and nationalism are held in China and are encouraged internationally.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6077\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6077\" style=\"width: 491px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6077\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u9ec4\u5e1d\u9675\u65b0\u9675\u5bdd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"491\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u9ec4\u5e1d\u9675\u65b0\u9675\u5bdd.png 491w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u9ec4\u5e1d\u9675\u65b0\u9675\u5bdd-300x217.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6077\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new <a href=\"http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/\u9ec4\u5e1d\u9675\/293625\">Tomb of the Yellow Emperor<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although\u00a0Qingming was decreed to be\u00a0a modern holiday, Tomb-Sweeping Day, by the Nanking-based National government as early as 1935, in the People&#8217;s Republic (1949-) it was not until late 2007 that it was legislated\u00a0as\u00a0a national holiday. In recent years it has been extended into a three-day celebration of the spring and is one of the official &#8216;short extended holidays&#8217; <a href=\"http:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/\u5c0f\u957f\u5047\">\u5c0f\u9577\u5047<\/a> introduced to affirm state-approved traditions.<\/p>\n<p>In 2014, Beijing promulgated a new &#8216;Martyr&#8217;s Commemoration Day&#8217;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u70c8\u58eb\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\">\u70c8\u58eb\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5<\/a>. Although Qingming is still, as it was even during the Maoist heyday, an occasion for towns, cities and provincial governments to organise official party-state ceremonies for the revolutionary dead at martyrs&#8217; tombs and monuments, the official commemoration is gazetted for\u00a030 September, on the eve of the 1st of October National Day. This day formally\u00a0commemorates those who died in the conflicts that led to the founding of the People&#8217;s Republic, as well as those who have died for the party-state since. An <a href=\"http:\/\/military.people.com.cn\/n\/2014\/0928\/c172467-25748707.html\">unofficial count<\/a>\u00a0estimates that over twenty million men, women and children &#8216;heroically died for national independence, the liberation of the people, the strengthening and prosperity of the nation, as well as for the sake of the people during the various historical stages of Revolutionary War, Socialist Construction and the Open Door and Reform&#8217; \u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u5404\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u70c8\u58eb\u4eec\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5f3a\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u5e78\u798f\u800c\u82f1\u52c7\u727a\u7272.\u00a0According to the same 2014 source, the official <em>Martyrs&#8217;<\/em>\u00a0<em>List<\/em> records<em>\u00a0<\/em>1.93 million people\u00a0by name.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>In March 2017, Li Hong \u674e\u7d05, a young Anhui provincial delegate to\u00a0the\u00a0National People&#8217;s Congress, called for\u00a0a law that would ban the defamation of heroes and martyrs and punish those\u00a0who derided or mocked\u00a0the dead. Those who abused the names, image or\u00a0reputation of individuals who had contributed to the social good must\u00a0take legal responsibility and pay the price. Li\u00a0called for the legislative authorities to draft a &#8216;Heroes Protection Law&#8217;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/npc\/xinwen\/dbgz\/2017-03\/11\/content_2016249.htm\">\u82f1\u96c4\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5<\/a>\u00a0forthwith.<\/p>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Unquiet Graves<\/h3>\n<p>Qingming also marks the day in the People&#8217;s Republic when mourners gathered en mass to\u00a0protest against\u00a0Party autocracy.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6031\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6031\" style=\"width: 294px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6031\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u738b\u7acb\u5c71\u6e05\u660e\u8bd7\u8bcd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u738b\u7acb\u5c71\u6e05\u660e\u8bd7\u8bcd.png 294w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u738b\u7acb\u5c71\u6e05\u660e\u8bd7\u8bcd-200x300.png 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 294px) 100vw, 294px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6031\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The most famous Qingming poem of the Mao era.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote><p>Premier Zhou Enlai had died in January [1976]. On April 5, China&#8217;s traditional festival for cleaning graves, two hundred thousand people demonstrated in Beijing&#8217;s Tiananmen Square. Ostensibly mourning Zhou Enlai, the demonstrators were in fact protesting the power of Jiang Qing and her associates. When the crowd refused to disperse at the end of the day, the scene grew ugly \u2014 a mob smashed several vehicles and burned a police command post. At night, militia and public security forces, under the control of Hua Guofeng, cleared the square. Many demonstrators were beaten \u2014 others were arrested. The following morning, the Party Political Bureau declared the incident to be &#8216;counterrevolutionary&#8217; and removed Deng Xiaoping from all offices as its ultimate instigator. At the same time Hua Guofeng was appointed premier and vice-chairman of the Party.<\/p>\n<p>But after Mao died in September and the &#8216;Gang of Four&#8217; was arrested in October, China&#8217;s politics moved slowly but steadily to the right. As figures disgraced during the Cultural Revolution regained respectability and influence, support for Deng Xiaoping mounted&#8230; .<\/p>\n<p>Deng Xiaoping&#8217;s victory in this struggle was tied to the Party&#8217;s judgment of the 1976 Tiananmen incident. Deng pressed relentlessly for a reversal of the Party&#8217;s verdict, arguing that the demonstration in fact had been &#8216;revolutionary&#8217;. By implication, anyone involved in its suppression had committed a grave error. A reversal would be a fatal blow to the authority of Hua Guofeng, former minister of public security.<\/p>\n<p>Many of the 1976 demonstrators had written poems that they posted in Tiananmen Square. Students from Beijing&#8217;s Number Two Foreign Language Institute, a school with close ties to Deng Xiaoping, edited over one thousand of these poems and published them in four unofficial mimeographed editions. These began to circulate shortly after the fall of the &#8216;Gang of Four&#8217;, constituting an open provocation to Hua Guofeng. Police from the public security forces searched for some of the pseudonymous or anonymous authors, but not very effectively. In some cases the police revealed the poets&#8217; identities not to Hua Guofeng but to the student editors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014\u00a0<em>Richard Kraus<\/em>,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book.php?isbn=9780520072855\">Brushes with Power<\/a><em>, 1991<\/em>.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">In the days following the Qingming Tiananmen Incident, the Party media even quoted some of the protesters anti-Mao\u00a0slogans, such as &#8216;The age of the Qin Emperor is over!&#8217;\u00a0\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86, as well as the most famous protest poem:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpe-col wpe-col-23-13\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col-1\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">In my grief I hear demons shriek;<br \/>\nI weep while wolves and jackals laugh.<br \/>\nThough tears I shed to mourn a hero,<br \/>\nWith head raised high, I draw my sword.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpe-col-2\">\n<p>\u6b32\u60b2\u805e\u9b3c\u53eb\uff0c<br \/>\n\u6211\u54ed\u8c7a\u72fc\u7b11\u3002<br \/>\n\u7051\u6dda\u796d\u96c4\u5091\uff0c<br \/>\n\u63da\u7709\u528d\u51fa\u9798\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The 1976 Tiananmen Incident on Qingming would resonate both with earlier and later protests against state power and the Communist Party. Simon Leys has written of\u00a0the &#8216;tragic irony&#8217; of Zhou Enlai,\u00a0Mao Zedong&#8217;s chief enabler:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>this man who generously dedicated himself, soul and body, to the service of China, ended up as the staunchest \u00a0pillar of a regime that managed to kill more innocent Chinese citizens in twenty-five years of peace than had the combined forces of all foreign imperialists in one hundred years of endemic aggression.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014 <em>Simon Leys, &#8216;The Wake of an Empty Boat: Zhou Enlai&#8217;, 1984.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The occasion of Qingming 1976 was a turning point for many people, including the left-leaning Hong Kong editor Lee Yee \u674e\u6021, mentioned above. Lee, who just published a memoir marking his eightieth year, was the editor of a leading magazine in the Crown Colony, <em>The Seventies Monthly<\/em>\u00a0\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u6708\u520a. Born of the &#8216;Protect the Diaoyu Islands&#8217; patriotic movement in Taiwan and Hong Kong a few years earlier, <em>The Seventies<\/em>\u00a0followed political and cultural developments on the mainland. Lee later wrote that Qingming 1976 came as something of an awakening for him. In the purge of Deng Xiaoping and the short-lived revival of the Cultural Revolution, and its champions, he felt the promise of change had been thwarted. Following Mao&#8217;s death later in 1976, Lee&#8217;s magazine would become a major vehicle for (not always positive) commentary on the mainland (and, from 1977 until mid 1979, my first employer), until it too was purged, but during the relatively benign heyday of Deng Xiaoping himself.<\/p>\n<p>A few years ago, Lee Yee wrote <a href=\"http:\/\/hk.apple.nextmedia.com\/supplement\/columnist\/6781865\/art\/20150405\/19101499\">an essay<\/a> in memory of his long-dead wife, recalling the Qingming of 1976 and saying that he visits her grave every year on this day.<\/p>\n<p>For me, the aftermath of Qingming 1976 was immediate. That evening in over the following days, a Chinese classmate at Liaoning University in Shenyang, where I was a student, guided me in how to understand the official media by &#8216;reading against the grain&#8217; \u53cd\u8457\u8b80. But that is a story for another time.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>The fate of the Second Tiananmen Incident, that of June Fourth 1989, has not been so happy. It remains an open wound on the nation&#8217;s body politic. People&#8217;s Liberation Army soldiers who died (or, as the official media would have it, &#8216;martyred&#8217;) during the Beijing Massacre are\u00a0lavishly mourned, but dead protesters, denounced by the authorities as counter-revolutionary louts, can only be remembered surreptitiously by family members.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6112\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6112\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6112\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u91cd\u6176\u7d05\u885b\u5175\u5893\u5712-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u91cd\u6176\u7d05\u885b\u5175\u5893\u5712-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u91cd\u6176\u7d05\u885b\u5175\u5893\u5712-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u91cd\u6176\u7d05\u885b\u5175\u5893\u5712.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Red Guard Cemetery, Chongqing, Sichuan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Since 1989, be it on Qingming or June the Fourth, the authorities have forbidden any grieving for the non-official dead, family members, friends and admirers try to keep their memories, and the spirit of their peaceful protest against Party authority, alive. Even the Red Guards who killed each other\u00a0in mindless internecine strife in Chongqing, famously buried in what was once a secret graveyard, have been publicly mourned on Qingming\u00a0at the Red Guard Cemetery\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.baike.com\/wiki\/\u91cd\u5e86\u7ea2\u536b\u5175\u5893\u56ed\">\u91cd\u6176\u7d05\u885b\u5175\u5893\u5712<\/a>, now a state listed site,\u00a0since 2013.<\/p>\n<div class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"para\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The Yellow Emperor and Leizu\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u9ec3\u5e1d\u3001\u5ad8\u7956<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Xi Xi <\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u897f\u897f<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Translated by Christina Sanderson<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><i>The Yellow Emperor<\/i><i>\u00a0is one of the most famous of China&#8217;s legendary rulers. He is said to have reigned from 2698 to 2598 BCE, and to have been miraculously conceived by his mother Fu Bao <\/i>\u9644\u5bf6<i>, who gave birth to him on the banks of the river Ji <\/i>\u59ec,<i> from which he took his surname. His personal name was Youxiong <\/i>\u6709\u718a,<i> taken from that of his hereditary Principality; and also Xuanyuan <\/i>\u8ed2\u8f45<i>, said by some to be the name of a village near which he dwelt, by others to refer to wheeled vehicles of which he was the inventor, as well as of armour, ships pottery and other useful appliances. The close of his long reign was made glorious by the appearance of the phoenix and the mysterious animal known as the <\/i>qilin \u9e92\u9e9f<i>, in token of his wise and humane administration. He died at the age of 111 years.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>Xiling Shi is the Lady of Xiling, a title given to Leizu <\/i>\u5ad8\u7956<i>, consort of the Yellow Emperor, from her birthplace. She is said to have taught the art of rearing silkworms and is now worshipped as the Goddess of Sericulture\u00a0<\/i>\u5148\u8836<i>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014 <em>adapted from\u00a0Herbert Giles,\u00a0<\/em>A Chinese Biographical Dictionary.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>As\u00a0ever we are grateful to Christina Sanderson for sharing\u00a0her\u00a0new work on Xi Xi&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/projects\/the-teddy-bear-chronicles\/\"><em>The Teddy Bear Chronicles <\/em>\u7e2b\u718a\u8a8c<\/a>\u00a0with our readers, and to John Minford who introduced us all to Xi Xi\u2019s panoply of bears. The translation of\u00a0<i>The Teddy Bear Chronicles\u00a0<\/i>will appear as a volume in\u00a0a series under John\u2019s editorship. That series is generously funded by the Hong Kong Arts Development Council.<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<p>The Yellow Emperor\u2019s surname was Gongsun. His given name was Xuanyuan; according to some because was born on the hillock of Xuanyuan. As he grew up on the banks of the Ji River, he had another surname, which was Ji. The Yellow Emperor was the leader of the nomadic Youxiong clan and various other neighbouring tribes.\u9ec3\u5e1d\u59d3\u516c\u5b6b\uff0c\u540d\u8ed2\u8f45\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u751f\u65bc\u8ed2\u8f45\u4e4b\u4e18\ufe54\u56e0\u70ba\u4e5f\u9577\u65bc\u59ec\u6c34\u4e4b\u7554\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53c8\u59d3\u59ec\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6e38\u7267\u90e8\u843d\u6709\u718a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9644\u8fd1\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u9818\u8896\u3002<\/p>\n<p>His greatest achievement was to take a brilliantly intelligent woman called Leizu for his wife. Leizu was the daughter of the chief of the Xiling tribe, who lived near present-day Xiling Gorge in Sichuan province. She was obviously an extremely creative person. It was she who discovered that natural silk could be derived from the cocoons silkworms produce after eating mulberry leaves, and that silk could then be woven into a fabric for clothes. She was first adopted by the head of the clan as a daughter, and later became the head of the clan herself. The entire clan was occupied in raising silkworms, spinning silk and weaving cloth, which allowed them to prosper and expand out across the Chengdu plain. When we say that the Yellow Emperor \u2018took\u2019 Leizu as a wife, it actually means that he married into Leizu\u2019s family, since theirs was a matriarchal society. \u4ed6\u6700\u8070\u660e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u5a36\u4e86\u5ad8\u7956\u70ba\u59bb\u3002\u5ad8\u7956\u662f\u897f\u9675\u570b\u5973\u5b50\uff0c\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u4e5f\u5145\u6eff\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u8836\u87f2\u5403\u6851\u8449\u5f8c\u5410\u7d72\uff0c\u8836\u7d72\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e54\u5e03\u505a\u8863\u670d\u3002\u5979\u88ab\u65cf\u9577\u6536\u70ba\u5973\u5152\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u9084\u7576\u4e86\u65cf\u9577\uff1b\u5168\u65cf\u4eba\u990a\u8836\u7e45\u7d72\u3001\u7e54\u5e03\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u6210\u90fd\u5e73\u539f\u7684\u5bcc\u5eb6\u4e4b\u65cf\u3002\u9ec3\u5e1d\u5a36\u5ad8\u7956\uff0c\u662f\u5ac1\u5230\u6210\u90fd\u53bb\u7684\uff0c\u5165\u8d05\u5ad8\u7956\u5bb6\ufe54\u7576\u6642\u662f\u6bcd\u7cfb\u793e\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6038\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6038\" style=\"width: 281px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6038\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u5148\u8695\u575b\u6ee1\u6c49\u6587-281x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u5148\u8695\u575b\u6ee1\u6c49\u6587-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u5148\u8695\u575b\u6ee1\u6c49\u6587-768x818.png 768w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u5148\u8695\u575b\u6ee1\u6c49\u6587-961x1024.png 961w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u5148\u8695\u575b\u6ee1\u6c49\u6587.png 1232w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6038\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plaque at the Altar to the Goddess of Sericulture, Beihai Park, Beijing. The Manchu name of the altar reads &#8216;<em>nenden biyoo i mukdehun<\/em>&#8216;.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>For her to grasp the process of raising silk worms and reeling silk was a truly amazing feat. It was no less than the beginning of clothing culture, the point from which China was able to break away from barbarism. The entire history of clothing in China began with Leizu. Her technique for rinsing silk floss later contributed to the invention of paper and printing. \u61c2\u5f97\u990a\u8836\u7e45\u7d72\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u4e86\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u4e8b\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u8863\u98fe\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5f9e\u6b64\u64fa\u812b\u91ce\u883b\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u670d\u88dd\u53f2\uff0c\u8981\u5f9e\u5ad8\u7956\u5beb\u8d77\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d72\u7da2\u7684\u6f02\u7d6e\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u53c8\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u505a\u7d19\u548c\u5370\u5237\u8853\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>To a large extent, women in ancient China were occupied picking mulberry leaves. The indispensable tool required for this task was not a regular basket, but a flat, bamboo carrier called a <i>long\u00a0<\/i>\u7c60. These were very attractive objects. The Han-dynasty ballad <i>The Mulberry Leaves by the Path<\/i> is about a woman called Luo Fu carrying\u00a0such a container to go picking mulberry leaves: \u53e4\u4ee3\u5973\u5b50\u5927\u90fd\u5fd9\u65bc\u63a1\u6851\u3002\u5fc5\u5099\u7684\u7528\u5177\u4e0d\u662f\u7c43\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7c60\uff0c\u90fd\u5f88\u6f02\u4eae\u3002\u6a02\u5e9c\u300a\u964c\u4e0a\u6851\u300b\u5beb\u7f85\u6577\u63d0\u7c60\u53bb\u63a1\u6851\uff0c<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpe-col wpe-col-23-13\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col-1\">\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Fastened with black hair,<br \/>\nCassia twigs for a handle\u2026<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpe-col-2\">\n<p>\u9752\u7d72\u70ba\u7c60\u7e6b\uff0c<br \/>\n\u6842\u679d\u70ba\u7c60\u9264\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The straps holding the <i>long <\/i>together were woven from strands of women&#8217;s hair, and the handle was made from cassia twigs or branches. These \u201ccassia twigs\u201d are actually what we now know as cinnamon bark, a kind of fragrant wood. In the ballad, this wood is used to represent Luo Fu\u2019s noble and unsullied character. \u7e6b\u5728\u7c60\u4e0a\u7684\u7e69\u5b50\u662f\u7528\u9752\u7d72\u505a\u6210\uff0c\u7c60\u7684\u628a\u5b50\u5247\u7528\u6842\u679d\u3002\u6842\u679d\u5373\u662f\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u8089\u6842\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9999\u6728\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u7f85\u6577\u7684\u9ad8\u6f54\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5976\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5976\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5976\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_1454-1024x873.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_1454-1024x873.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_1454-300x256.jpg 300w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_1454-768x655.jpg 768w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/IMG_1454.jpg 1867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5976\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yellow Emperor and Leizu by Xi Xi. Photograph by Chan and Lum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Leizu lived in remote antiquity and, as such, she wouldn\u2019t have been as particular about her clothes as those who came after her. My Leizu bear is wearing a simple smock with an apron tied around it. She is fairly rich, as you can tell by looking at her necklace, which is made of cowry shells, the currency of her time. \u66f4\u9060\u53e4\u7684\u5ad8\u7956\u7576\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u5f8c\u4eba\u90a3\u9ebc\u8b1b\u7a76\u3002\u5979\u7a7f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5957\u982d\u886b\uff0c\u7e6b\u570d\u88d9\u3002\u5979\u76f8\u7576\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u770b\u5979\u7684\u9805\u93c8\u662f\u8c9d\u6bbc\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8c9d\u5c31\u662f\u9322\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When the Yellow Emperor took his people to live with him in Sichuan, he merged the Youxiong and Xiling tribes to form a single large clan. This represented the end of their nomadic existence: they had entered the Agricultural Era. The Yellow Emperor stayed in Chengdu for two years, where two sons were born to him. He then returned to the Central Plain and defeated the tyrannical leader of the Nine Li tribe, Chiyou. This victory united the rest of the disparate tribes in the region. Their social system changed from matriarchy to patriarchy. At that time, clothing started to become more fancy and dignified. \u9ec3\u5e1d\u628a\u90e8\u65cf\u5e36\u5f80\u56db\u5ddd\uff0c\u548c\u897f\u9675\u65cf\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u5927\u65cf\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7d50\u673f\u4e86\u6e38\u7267\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u9032\u5165\u8fb2\u8015\u6642\u4ee3\u3002\u9ec3\u5e1d\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u4f4f\u4e86\u5169\u5e74\uff0c\u751f\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u539f\uff0c\u6230\u52dd\u86a9\u5c24\uff0c\u7d71\u4e00\u5404\u90e8\u843d\u3002\u6bcd\u7cfb\u793e\u6703\u4e5f\u8b8a\u70ba\u7236\u7cfb\u793e\u6703\u3002\u90a3\u6642\u4ed6\u7684\u670d\u98fe\u4e5f\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\u8d77\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Prior to the Yellow Emperor\u2019s unification of the tribes, there were no set styles when it came to clothes. I designed this outfit for him. The upper garment imitates the one-shoulder tunics popular in the Bronze Age, as found at the famous archaeological site at Sanxingdui in Sichuan. The thing joined to it is a bunch-pleat, or &#8216;gathered&#8217; skirt. All the emperors of later ages, from the Song, to the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties loved to wear these roomy gathered skirts. \u9ec3\u5e1d\u7d71\u4e00\u5404\u90e8\u843d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u8a02\u7acb\u670d\u98fe\u7684\u6a23\u8c8c\u3002\u6211\u7d66\u4ed6\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e00\u4ef6\u8863\u88d9\uff0c\u4e0a\u8863\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\u56db\u5ddd\u4e09\u661f\u5806\u5927\u9285\u4eba\u7684\u659c\u62ab\u80a9\uff0c\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u662f\u5bc6\u8936\u88d9\u3002\u5f8c\u4ee3\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u6e05\uff0c\u90fd\u611b\u7a7f\u5bec\u95ca\u7684\u5bc6\u8936\u88d9\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><\/b>Words have an Ancestor<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u8a00\u6709\u5b97<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpe-col wpe-col-23-13\">\n<div class=\"wpe-col-1\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>My words are very easy to Understand,<br \/>\nThey are very easy to Practise.<br \/>\nAnd yet in All-under-Heaven<br \/>\nNo one Understands them,<br \/>\nNo one Practises them.<br \/>\nMy words have an Ancestor,<br \/>\nMy deeds have a Lord.<br \/>\nBut no one Understands them,<br \/>\nNo one Understands me,<br \/>\nAlmost no one.<br \/>\nThose who pattern themselves on me are rare.<br \/>\nThe True Taoist is clad in brown sack-cloth,<br \/>\nBut has jade in his bosom.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u00a0<em>&#8216;Jade and Sack-cloth&#8217;, Chapter Seventy\u00a0of\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\nThe Tao and the Power<em>,\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\n<em>from\u00a0a new\u00a0translation of the\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\nDaodejing\u00a0\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93<em>\u00a0by John Minford.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[The calligraphy is in the hand of Zhao Mengfu.]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpe-col-2\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-6035\" src=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Zhao-Mengfu.Daodejing.Cht_.70.FullText-223x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Zhao-Mengfu.Daodejing.Cht_.70.FullText-223x1024.png 223w, https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Zhao-Mengfu.Daodejing.Cht_.70.FullText.png 478w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 223px) 100vw, 223px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Fourth of April 2017 marks the day for\u00a0\u2018sweeping the tombs\u2019\u00a0\u6383\u5893, a festival on which respect is paid to loved ones and forebears. Known since ancient times as Qingming \u6e05\u660e, &#8216;Clear and Bright&#8217;, it is the\u00a0Eighth Day of the Third Month (depending on the year, this can be the 4th, 5th or 6th of April [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[12,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5974","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essays","category-journal"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9gcZ6-1ym","post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5974"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5974"}],"version-history":[{"count":128,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5974\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12833,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5974\/revisions\/12833"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5974"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5974"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5974"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}