See also The Year of the Rooster, On Reading<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u2014\u00a0The Editor,\u00a01 January 2017<\/em><\/p>\n On 20 January 2017, Donald Trump will be inaugurated as the forty-fifth president of the United States of America. Although some of China\u2019s New Leftists hailed Trump\u2019s November 2016 win as a validation of ever-victorious Mao Zedong Thought,[2] there is little reason to think that a Trump-led America will give much succour to China\u2019s ideologues. In the two months since the US election, through a phone call to Taiwanese leader Tsai Ing-wen, repeated comments on China\u2019s currency manipulation, the appointment of Peter Navarro (an economic hawk and author, among other things, of the 2011 book Death by China: Confronting the Dragon \u2013 A Global Call to Action<\/i>) as director of the National Trade Council and his intervention in a dispute over a underwater US drone waylaid by the Chinese navy in the South China Sea, Trump has indicated that he is taking an unpredictable approach to the most important global bilateral relationship. Even long-standing friends and allies of the US have been thrown off guard as they learn how to live with the Great Disrupter.<\/p>\n The Chinese Communist Party under its Chairman of Everything, Xi Jinping, hasn\u2019t had to confront such an erratic and populist leader since Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution fifty years ago.<\/p>\n In Official China the anniversary of the Cultural Revolution passed in silence, even though today\u2019s People\u2019s Republic, whether in terms of its achievements or of its egregious failures, continues to live in the shadow of that political maelstrom.<\/p>\n In 1966, Mao observed that his personality was a mixture of contradictory elements. There was the self-assured sense of destiny and confidence that led him to challenge and overturn earlier leaders of the Communist Party, confront Chiang Kai-shek and lead the Chinese revolution. This was, he said, an expression of his Tiger Spirit \u864e\u6c23, something that was in constant interplay with his\u00a0Monkey Spirit \u7334\u6c23, one that was skittish, paranoid and unpredictable.[3] The Monkey was always ready to take on the Tiger with devilish glee. In the last two decades of his life, Mao\u2019s China reflected this deep-seated contradiction as the country lurched between authoritarian control and anarchic confusion. What for the Great Helmsman was his life force writ large would rend the fabric of the society he ruled and threatened everything he had worked to achieve.<\/p>\n At the time of the Sino-Soviet split in 1961, Mao wrote a poem in praise of China\u2019s most famous monkey, Sun Wukong \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a, the hero of the popular late-Ming novel Journey to the West <\/i>\u897f\u904a\u8a18 by Wu Cheng\u2019en \u5433\u627f\u6069. The international order established following WWII was under increasing pressure and the Socialist Bloc led by the Soviet Union was riven by rebellion and disquiet as a result both of repressive Soviet expansionism in Europe and the ideological uncertainty generated by Nikita Khrushchev’s secret denunciation of Joseph Stalin in 1956.[4] Mao, giving vent to his Tiger Spirit, would now lay claim to the mantle of world revolution.<\/p>\n A thunderstorm burst over the earth,\u00a0\u4e00\u5f9e\u5927\u5730\u8d77\u98a8\u96f7 Having delivered this challenge, Mao\u2019s unpredictable Monkey Spirit would attempt to turn the world upside down. His poem and Uproar in Heaven<\/i> \u5927\u9b27\u5929\u5bae, a 1964 film adaptation of Wu Cheng\u2019en\u2019s novel,[6] struck a cord with\u00a0the restive youth of China, many of whom closely followed China’s\u00a0ideological contest with the Soviet Union. Like Mao, they too felt that their country was being stymied by a hidebound Soviet-style bureaucracy; the normalisation of the revolutionary ardour of the past was frustrating China\u2019s ability to lead history and achieve greatness. They related to Mao as he portrayed himself as an outsider who championed an uprising of the masses against a sclerotic system.<\/p>\n When, in 1966, Mao both engineered and supported a grass-roots youthful rebellion against the very party-state he had created, a group of middle-school students in Beijing responded by composing a series of manifestos declaring that they, like Monkey, would support the Chairman, create an uproar in heaven and smash the old world to pieces. In particular, they proclaimed \u2018Rebellion is Justified\u2019 and quoted a line from Mao\u2019s 1961 poem:<\/p>\n The Golden Monkey wrathfully swung his massive cudgel\u00a0\u91d1\u7334\u596e\u8d77\u5343\u921e\u68d2\uff0c Mao responded to the young rebels and, to use today\u2019s parlance, an alt-left movement of radicalism was born. The students called themselves Red Guards.<\/p>\n In August 1966, Mao and his deputy Lin Biao encouraged the Red Guards to Destroy the Four Olds and a wave of iconoclasm swept the country while the violence against people victimised as representing the old order were denounced, attacked, beaten, and even killed. During what would be known as Bloody August, Mao is said to have written to Jiang Qing, his wife and partner in revolutionary extremism, declaring that \u2018Once heaven is in great disorder a new kind of order can emerge\u2019 \u5929\u4e0b\u5927\u4e82\u9054\u5230\u5929\u4e0b\u5927\u6cbb.[7] He believed that throwing the political establishment and social order into confusion would liberate the true potential of people to achieve what was otherwise seemingly impossible. A high-tide of revolutionary enthusiasm would allow people to cast aside the deadening bureaucracy and revitalise industry, agriculture, research and society itself. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought the goal of making China great again could be realised on the world stage.<\/p>\n The similarities between Mao Zedong and Donald Trump don\u2019t end with the autocrat\u2019s mindset touched on in the opening paragraph of this essay, or with the clash between tiger-like brio and\u00a0the dyspathy of the monkey. The will to autocracy means that both figures share (with elected or self-appointed strong men historically and worldwide) some disturbing parallels:<\/p>\n Quotations vs Tweets: <\/b>In the Mao era the mysterious, contradictory and yet powerfully inciting utterances of the Chairman were conveyed not by Twitter, but through quotations broadcast over national radio and carried in the newspapers. In the print media Mao\u2019s gnomic utterances were always highlighted by being printed in bold, while on radio they were recited in the stentorian voice of authority. A daily quotation called The Highest Directive \u6700\u9ad8\u6307\u793a featured in the top right-hand corner of the People\u2019s <\/i>Daily<\/em>\u00a0and was mimicked by\u00a0every paper across the land. The quotations demanded a response and action and sent the country lurching in different\u00a0directions while confusion reigned supreme in Beijing.<\/p>\n Progadanda vs the Lying Media: <\/b>Like Mao, Trump has trouble sleeping and his early morning Tweets reveal whatever has caught the leader\u2019s flickering\u00a0attention, alerting the world to some new twist or turn in his feverish thinking. With Twitter Trump bypasses both the formal bureaucracy of Washington and what he and his followers dub \u2018The Lying Media\u2019.<\/p>\n Mao too distrusted the state media based in the capital Beijing and with the support of his wife Jiang Qing and her Shanghai comrades he got his message of rebellion out in other cities. He extolled The Right to Rebel and, in essence, he launched the Cultural Revolution to \u2018drain the swamp\u2019 of the Chinese party bureaucracy. He called enemies within the Party nomenklatura Capitalist Roaders, the permanent political class, that is men and women who were pursuing policies that undermined his ideas and which, he believe, held back China\u2019s productive capacity and frustrated the country\u2019s global revolutionary preeminence.<\/p>\n Climate Change vs Human Will: <\/b>The effects of climate change and the mismanagement of natural resources were evident in Mao\u2019s China: there was a profligate depletion of water resources; increasing desertification starting from Outer Mongolia; unmodulated industrial pollution from the Great Leap Forward era onwards; denial of contaminants in food and water supplies \u2026 the list goes on. Mao believed that \u2018Man Can Conquer Heaven\u2019 \u4eba\u5b9a\u52dd\u5929,\u00a0that human will could triumph over nature. China now faces the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation with sober clarity; Trump\u2019s America will be led by climate sceptics, deniers and those who would sign up for Mao\u2019s axiom.<\/p>\n The Smartest Men in the Room: <\/b>Like Trump, Mao thought he was \u2018smart\u2019 and he distrusted experts and the educated. An autodidact he believed that he did not need to rely on others to understand complex issues and resolve problems. He declared that the more education you have the more dangerous you may be.<\/p>\n Divide to Rule vs Scapegoating: <\/b>Like Trump Mao pitted people against each other and encouraged discrimination against and the denigration of real and perceived enemies. He enjoyed the discomfort of others. His leadership style was erratic and even close allies never knew when they might be found wanting or discover that they had been\u00a0betrayed. Mao\u00a0didn\u2019t need to say \u2018You\u2019re Fired!\u2019 for his victims learned of their fate at the hands of underlings or in the media. Despite a belief in his omniscience and a sense that he alone understood mass sentiment, sequestered behind high palace walls, Mao\u00a0lived in constant fear of machinations against him. His physician Zhisui Li claimed that in his later years, Mao anxiously questioned visitors: \u2018What news do you have?\u2019 \u6709\u751a\u9ebc\u6d88\u606f? His paranoia led him to detect\u00a0new plots and hidden enemies. Conspiracy theory became the core of Mao Zedong Thought. His response to his own suspicions was to create an atmosphere of unease and constant uncertainty.<\/p>\n A touch of yin, a touch of yang, Gangs of Four: <\/b>Mao\u2019s inner circle was the infamous Gang of Four. Donald Trump has his own Gang of Four: the canny female enabler, Ivanka Trump; the \u2018Dog-head General\u2019 \u72d7\u982d\u8ecd\u5e2b, Steve Bannon, formerly of Breitbart News; the loyal propagandist Kellyanne Conway, a genius at dialectical argumentation; and, the helicoptered-in successor-in-waiting, Jared Kushner.[8] When the farrago of Trump\u2019s rule comes to an end, will they too end up in the dock like the original Gang of Four, or will they, like most things in America \u2014 homeland\u00a0of the makeover and comeback \u2014 merely march forward, from victory to victory?<\/p>\n Business as Usual: <\/b>In the long run, Mao found he had to rely on the old state bureaucracy, as well as\u00a0those who knew how to run it, to keep the country functioning. After 1971, he\u00a0brought back into power Deng Xiaoping (no, Zhou Enlai was not behind this reluctant\u00a0move), a man denounced only five years earlier as China\u2019s Second Greatest Capitalist Roader. Mao\u00a0needed Deng\u00a0to rebuild institutions and get the\u00a0country working again. But even as\u00a0the civilian economy slid towards ruination, Mao knew to keep the army on side and although, like Trump, he disparaged intelligence, he talked freely of the power of the A-bomb and brandished nuclear weapons to cow enemies.<\/p>\n Some writers in China\u2019s contemporary alt-left have identified in Trump\u2019s winning electoral strategy elements of Mao Zedong Thought and, in so doing, they remind us of the malleability of Mao\u2019s dialectical magical thinking, the questionable history of this ginned up Chinese political tradition (to which Xi Jinping doggedly cleaves) and the cracked mirror in which such commentators see\u00a0distorted reflections of themselves. As one writer in a mood of triumphalist irony put it:<\/p>\n First, Trump\u2019s Great Leap Forward-style declaration of his net worth was a validation of Mao Zedong\u2019s dictum \u2018Seek Truth from Facts\u2019 \u5be6\u4e8b\u6c42\u662f. In so doing and by \u2018telling it like it really is\u2019 Trump flew in the face of US political wisdom and reached out directly to the broad masses of people, overturning years of oppressive political correctness in the process.<\/p>\n Secondly, in his approach to America\u2019s economic woes Trump has followed what in Maoist terms is a Mass Line \u7fa4\u773e\u8def\u7dda. The author quotes Mao: \u2018What\u2019s politics? Politics is how you massively increase the number of people who support you while reducing the number of your enemies to the maximum\u00a0extent\u2019. \u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u653f\u6cbb\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u62e5\u62a4\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u641e\u5f97\u591a\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u654c\u4eba\u641e\u5f97\u5c11\u5c11\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n And, finally, it is Trump\u2019s own financial independence and self-sufficiency \u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b that have allowed him to ignore major political donors and the Washington money machine, relying instead on his personal fortune. The article ends with a quotation from Mao Zedong\u2019s famous parable about the Foolish Old Man Who Moved the Mountain \u611a\u516c\u79fb\u5c71 suggesting that Trumpism can achieve its aims not only through the efforts of Trump himself, but by future generations of his family. At this point in the\u00a0article the author inserts a picture of a bikini-wearing, oiled up and glistening Ivanka Trump from a\u00a0Harper\u2019s Bazaar <\/i>cover. He\u00a0finishes his argument by making a plea to the new president: on his first official visit to China he should bring his children with him.[9]<\/p>\n On 1 April, April Fool\u2019s Day, 1969, the Chinese Communist Party convened its Ninth Party Congress and declared that the Cultural Revolution had come to a victorious end. In reality, the rule of Mao\u2019s radicals extended beyond both his death in September 1976, and the arrest of the Gang of Four\u00a0the following month. It was only with the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Party Congress in December 1978 that the policies of the Mao era were repudiated, even though his shade would linger far into the future.[10] It is hard to say how long Trump\u2019s presidency will last, but there is little doubt that its effects will also long outlive him.<\/p>\n Since its founding in 1949, the People\u2019s Republic of China has lived in a post-truth bubble. With its guided media and vast propaganda-industrial complex the Party\u00a0maintains its rule over facts with relentless vigilance. The neo-liberal West has, from the days of the Reagan-Thatcher duumvirate, increasingly relied not merely on economic growth, but also on the distortion of reality to bolster\u00a0its hold over consumer’s hearts-and-minds. We have lived into an age in which the Lying East and the Lying West are\u00a0reaching a new kind of equilibrium. Some call this not-cold, not-hot war a chilly war of ideologies, a \u6dbc\u6230, or at least of vested interests. It has created\u00a0a face off of like-against-like and, for students of the political and cultural dilemmas of the twentieth-century it provides a harrowing lesson in real-time politics.[11]<\/p>\n The Chinese had to wait for biological attrition to resolve the problem of Chairman\u00a0Mao, and still his waxen corpse lies in the heart of Tiananmen Square. We are already led to speculate whether, \u2018After One Hundred Years\u2019 \u767e\u6b72\u4e4b\u5f8c, as the Chinese euphemistically call death, will the embalmed body of Trump, that Tangerine Caligula, hair in a preternatural combover, be put on display in his New York faux-Louis-XIV\u00a0penthouse or at Mar-a-Lago, Trump’s ‘Mediterranean-style’ resort in Florida?<\/p>\n For long years America\u2019s Republicans have worked to make their nation ungovernable and through their actions they have given proof to the lie that government is always inefficient, interfering and incompetent. Along with a media long ago identified by Neil Postman as one that aims to\u00a0Amuse Us\u00a0to Death<\/a>, they have generated distrust in government and the public good for rank\u00a0political advantage.<\/p>\n As we noted in the above, the advent of Donald Trump as US president confronts China\u2019s party-state bureaucrats with an erratic and capricious leader of a kind they haven\u2019t had to deal with since Mao died forty years ago. Trump\u2019s presidency may give them an opportunity to show that they can be the more mature and stable partner in the Sino-US relationship. However, given the leaden responses China’s party-state leaders offer in times of\u00a0crisis and chaos in China, let alone internationally, there is little reason to believe that while they might be\u00a0quick to demonstrate a preening and boastful\u00a0Tiger Spirit in denouncing President Trump, they may easily be wrong-footed by that devil-may-care Monkey.<\/p>\n For popular Chinese commentators and the nation\u2019s cynics \u2014 furious men and women cowed and domesticated\u00a0by\u00a0a paternalistic system that at every turn reinforces\u00a0their political impotence \u2014 Trump\u2019s victory is a boon, a new source for anti-US Schadenfreude<\/em>. It offers\u00a0further evidence of the bankruptcy of Western-style politics and proof that we are in an era of illiberal democracy<\/a>, one in which China\u2019s sham multi-party system and farrago about\u00a0basic human rights are trumpeted by the official media and the bullish propagandists at\u00a0The Global Times<\/em>.<\/p>\n What is significant for readers of China Heritage<\/i><\/a> is that Donald Trump\u2019s presidency augurs a dark future for public information, understanding and \u2018truthiness<\/a>\u2019 in how people think about and engage with the Chinese Commonwealth. Meanwhile, over the past four years, Chairman of Everything Xi Jinping\u2019s dolorous rule in Beijing has revived memories of Silent China \u7121\u8072\u7684\u4e2d\u570b, making that country\u00a0once more an open secret: superficially easy to gain access to but one in which all serious, non-commercial and creative interactions are once more heavily policed\u00a0by the\u00a0guiding hand and deadening censorship of the Party.[12]<\/p>\n In the USA, the escalating clamour of factional politics and media hysteria may well, as it has so often in the history of China over the last century, marginalise and suppress moderate, considered opinion. This will only further humanity\u2019s move towards a new Age of Extremes<\/a>. This\u00a0will inescapably require us all to confront an unfinished twentieth century<\/a>.<\/p>\n Recommended Listening, Reading and Viewing<\/strong><\/p>\n Postscript, 12 January 2017:<\/strong> As one reader of this essay remarked: ‘From Golden Monkey to Golden Showers<\/a> in just over a week.’<\/p>\n Notes<\/b><\/p>\n The title of this short essay obviously \u2018gestures\u2019 towards Wu Cheng\u2019en\u2019s Journey to the West<\/i>, but it is actually\u00a0a reference to Herman Hesse\u2019s 1932 novel Die Morgenlandfahrt<\/i> (Journey to the East<\/i>).<\/p>\n [1] Jiayang Fan, \u2018The Maoism of Donald Trump<\/a>\u2019, The New Yorker<\/i>, 13 May 2016. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Geremie R. Barm\u00e9 The following meditation is an envoi to\u00a02016\u00a0which, according to the traditional Chinese calendar, was the Year of the Golden Monkey\u00a0and it offers a reflection on the long years that lie ahead. See also The Year of the Rooster, On Reading. \u2014\u00a0The Editor,\u00a01 January 2017 The 13 January 1967 issue of Time magazine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":46367,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[12,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays","category-journal"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/IMG_1010.jpeg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9gcZ6-Ua","post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3482"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3482"}],"version-history":[{"count":112,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46368,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3482\/revisions\/46368"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/46367"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n![\"images\"](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/images.jpeg\")
The 13 January 1967 issue of Time<\/i> magazine featured Mao Zedong on its cover with the headline \u2018China in Chaos\u2019. Fifty years later, Time<\/i> made US president-elect Donald Trump its Man of The Year. With a ground-swell of mass support, both men rebelled against the established order in their respective countries and set about throwing the world into confusion. Both share an autocratic mind set, Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Donald Trump as Chairman of the Board. As Jiayang Fan noted in May 2016, both also share a taste for \u2018polemical excess and xenophobic paranoia\u2019.[1] For his part, Mao\u2019s rebellion led to national catastrophe and untold human misery.<\/p>\n![\"Chairman](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/iWoviVC-768x1024.jpg\")
Uproar in Heaven<\/b><\/h4>\n
\nSo a devil rose from a heap of white bones.\u00a0\u4fbf\u6709\u7cbe\u751f\u767d\u9aa8\u5806\u3002
\nThe deluded monk was not beyond the light,\u00a0\u50e7\u662f\u611a\u6c13\u7336\u53ef\u8a13\uff0c
\nBut the malignant demon must wreak havoc.\u00a0\u5996\u70ba\u9b3c\u872e\u5fc5\u6210\u707d\u3002
\nThe Golden Monkey wrathfully swung his massive cudgel\u00a0\u91d1\u7334\u596e\u8d77\u5343\u921e\u68d2\uff0c
\nAnd the jade-like firmament was cleared of dust.\u00a0\u7389\u5b87\u6f84\u6e05\u842c\u91cc\u57c3\u3002
\nToday, a miasmal mist once more rising,\u00a0\u4eca\u65e5\u6b61\u547c\u5b6b\u5927\u8056\uff0c
\nWe hail Sun Wu-kung, the wonder-worker.\u00a0\u53ea\u7de3\u5996\u9727\u53c8\u91cd\u4f86\u3002[5]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n![\"Poster](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Uproar-in-Heaven.jpg\")
\nAnd the jade-like firmament was cleared of dust.\u00a0\u7389\u5b87\u6f84\u6e05\u842c\u91cc\u57c3\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\nThe Instincts\u00a0of an Autocrat<\/b><\/h4>\n
![\"'Seek](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Mao.Seek-Truth.jpg\")
![\"Hall](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Hall-of-the-Solitary-Voice.png\")
\nThat is the\u00a0nature\u00a0of the Tao.
\nA swerve to the left, a swerve to the right,
\nThis is the way of Mao.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n![\"On](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/Gang-of-Four.png\")
Living Mao Thought<\/b><\/h4>\n
Post-truth China<\/b><\/h4>\n
![\"Voting](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/\u6bdb\u4e5d\u5927\u6295\u7968\u72b6.jpg\")
![\"Mao's](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u9057\u4f53.jpeg\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Bedroom.Mar-a-lago.jpeg\")
The Golden Monkey Unleashed<\/strong><\/h4>\n
![\"Celebrating](\"https:\/\/chinaheritage.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Trump-Rooster.Taiyuan.jpg\")
\n\n
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\n[2] See ‘\u7279\u6717\u666e\u5f53\u9009\u662f\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u2019<\/a>, 15 November 2016.<\/span>
\n[3] Mao Zedong, ‘Letter to Jiang Qing\u2019<\/a>\u00a0\u5beb\u7d66\u6c5f\u9752\u7684\u4fe1, 8 July 1966. This letter is highly problematic. No original version of the letter survives (Jiang Qing would later claim that she burned it); and the text wasn’t published until after the sudden demise of Mao’s hand-picked successor Lin Biao in September 1971. The mystery surrounding this elusive epistle will be the subject of a future essay in China Heritage<\/i>.
\n[4] Nikita Khrushchev,\u00a0‘Speech to the 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.\u2019<\/a>, 24-25 February 1956. See also\u00a0‘On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences\u2019<\/a>.
\n[5] Reply to Comrade Kuo Mo-jo, \u4e03\u5f8b\u00b7\u548c\u90ed\u6cab\u82e5\u540c\u5fd7 Inscription on a Picture Taken by Comrade Li Chin \u2014 a lu shih<\/i>, 17 November 1961. This is the official English translation of the poem, published in 1976 by the\u00a0Foreign Languages Press in Peking.
\n[6] ‘Uproar in Heaven\u2019<\/a>\u00a0\u5927\u9b27\u5929\u5bae, 1961-1964.
\n[7] Letter to Jiang Qing, see Note 3 above.
\n[8] The original Gang of Four, or the \u2018Anti-Party Clique of Wang Hongwen (the handsome Shanghai worker agitator was “helicoptered in” \u5750\u76f4\u5347\u98db\u6a5f\u9032\u4e2d\u592e by Mao to become a future leader), Zhang Chunqiao (the “Dog-headed General” \u72d7\u982d\u8ecd\u5e2b and radical theorist who first came to prominence in the late 1950s), Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife and putative\u00a0great-leader-in-waiting) and Yao Wenyuan (propagandist and poisoned-pen hack)\u2019 \u738b\u5f35\u6c5f\u59da\u53cd\u9ee8\u96c6\u5718, is a shorthand for a large group of Maoists, including the fifth, and lead, member of the gang, Mao Zedong himself. Following Mao’s death on 9\u00a0September 1976, the\u00a0Gang was said to have been planning a take-over of the party-state or, in the language of the time, \u7be1\u9ee8\u596a\u6b0a. They were supposedly set on dividing up the spoils of power with Jiang Qing slated to be\u00a0Party chairperson\/ chairwoman, Zhang Chunqiao would-be premier, Yao Wenyuan Party vice-chairman and Wang Hongwen as head\u00a0of the National People’s Congress.
\n[9] \u2018\u7279\u6717\u666e\u5f53\u9009\uff1a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u80dc\u5229<\/a>\u2019, 9 November 2016.
\n[10] The year 2016 was one replete in anniversaries. Among many others it also marked two decades since Shades of Mao: the posthumous cult of the great leader<\/i><\/a>, my study of the abiding spirit of Mao Zedong in Chinese life, was published.
\n[11] See Adam Curtis’ documentary\u00a0Hypernormalisation<\/em><\/a>, released by\u00a0the BBC on 16 October 2016. The film is inspired by observations made by Alexei Yurchak<\/a>\u00a0in his\u00a02006 book\u00a0Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation<\/i>\u00a0on the paradoxes and untruths of the last decades of Soviet socialism.
\n[12] See my \u2018Living with Xi Dada\u2019s China \u2014 Making Choices and Cutting Deals\u2019, a keynote address presented at the conference \u2018Political Enchantments: Aesthetic practices and the Chinese state\u2019, Melbourne, 15 December 2016. The video and text of the speech are published on this site, see: Cutting a Deal with China<\/a>, China Heritage<\/em>,\u00a020 July 2017.<\/p>\n
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